This Day in History

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<em class="date"> Aug 29, 2005: Hurricane Katrina slams into Gulf Coast </h2>Hurricane Katrina makes landfall near New Orleans , Louisiana , as a Category 4 hurricane on this day in 2005. Despite being only the third most powerful storm of the 2005 hurricane season, Katrina was the worst natural disaster in the history of the United States . After briefly coming ashore in southern Florida on August 25 as a Category 1 hurricane, Katrina gained strength before slamming into the Gulf Coast on August 29. In addition to bringing devastation to the New Orleans area, the hurricane caused damage along the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama , as well as other parts of Louisiana.  <em class="date"> Aug 29, 1876: Charles F. Kettering, inventor of electric self-starter, is born </h2>Charles Franklin Kettering, the American engineer and longtime director of research for General Motors Corp. (GM), is born on August 29, 1876, in Loudonville, Ohio . Of the 140 patents Kettering obtained over the course of his lifetime, perhaps the most notable was his electric self-starter for the automobile, patented in 1915.  <em class="date"> Aug 29, 1960: Hurricane Donna is born </h2>On this day in 1960, the storm that would become Hurricane Donna forms near Cape Verde off the African coast. It would go on to cause 150 deaths from Puerto Rico to New England over the next two weeks.  <em class="date"> Aug 29, 1949: Soviets explode atomic bomb </h2>At a remote test site at Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan, the USSR successfully detonates its first atomic bomb , code name First Lightning. In order to measure the effects of the blast, the Soviet scientists constructed buildings, bridges, and other civilian structures in the vicinity of the bomb. They also placed animals in cages nearby so that they could test the effects of nuclear radiation on human-like mammals. The atomic explosion, which at 20 kilotons was roughly equal to Trinity, the first U.S. atomic explosion, destroyed those structures and incinerated the animals.  <em class="date"> Aug 29, 1982: Actress Ingrid Bergman dies on her birthday </h2>On this day in 1982, the Swedish-born actress and three-time Academy Award winner Ingrid Bergman dies of cancer in London on her 67th birthday. Bergman, who was best known for her role as Ilsa Lund in Casablanca, created an international scandal in 1950 when she had a son with the Italian director Roberto Rossellini, to whom she was not married at the time.  <em class="date"> Aug 29, 1962: Robert Frost leaves for a goodwill tour of U.S.S.R. </h2>Robert Frost leaves for the Soviet Union on this day in 1962. The goodwill tour is sponsored by the U.S. State Department in an effort to thaw Cold War relations. Frost's poetry has established his international reputation as American's unofficial poet laureate. While his best work appeared in earlier decades, he is nevertheless seen as an elder statesman of literature.  <em class="date"> Aug 29, 1958: Michael Jackson is born </h2>Pop sensation Michael Jackson is born on this day in Gary, Indiana .  <em class="date"> Aug 29, 1987: La Bamba is a #1 hit for Los Lobos and, posthumously, Ritchie Valens </h2> In one of pop music's most famous and beautiful turns of phrase, songwriter Don McLean called the date on which the world lost Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and J.P. The Big Bopper Richardson the Day the Music Died. But while three rising young pop stars may have died on February 3, 1959, their music certainly didn't die with them. On August 29, 1987, nearly 30 years after the most famous plane crash in music history, Ritchie Valens, the youngest of that crash's three famous victims, made a return of sorts to the top of the pop charts when his signature tune, La Bamba, became a #1 hit for the band Los Lobos, from Valens' own hometown of Los Angeles, California .  <em class="date"> Aug 29, 1945: Truman orders Navy to seize control of petroleum refineries </h2>On this day in 1945, President Harry Truman issues Executive Order No. 9639, giving the Secretary of the Navy the power to seize control of and operate a list of petroleum refineries and transportation companies in order to counteract strikes by oil workers. The list of plants seized by the Navy included those owned by industry giants: the Gulf, Shell, Standard and Union oil companies.  <em class="date"> Aug 29, 2004: Marathoner assaulted at Olympics </h2>On this day in 2004, Brazilian distance runner Vanderlei de Lima is attacked by a spectator while running the marathon, the final event of the Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. At the time of the incident, De Lima had a 30-second lead in the race with four miles to go.  <em class="date"> Aug 29, 1972: Nixon announces another troop reduction </h2>President Nixon sets December 1 as the target date for reducing U.S. troops strength in Vietnam by 12,000, to 27,000, an all-time low since the American troop buildup began in 1965.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Aug 30, 1967: Thurgood Marshall confirmed as Supreme Court justice </h2>On this day in 1967, Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American to be confirmed as a Supreme Court justice. He would remain on the Supreme Court for 24 years before retiring for health reasons, leaving a legacy of upholding the rights of the individual as guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution .  <em class="date"> Aug 30, 2006: California Senate passes Global Warming Solutions Act </h2>On this day in 2006, the California State Senate passes Assembly Bill (AB) 32, otherwise known as the Global Warming Solutions Act. The law made California the first state in America to place caps on carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, including those found in automobile emissions.  <em class="date"> Aug 30, 1989: A murdering couple is sentenced to death </h2>Cynthia Coffman and James Marlow are sentenced to death in San Bernardino, California , for the 1986 murder of Corinna Novis. Coffman was the first woman to receive a death sentence in the state since capital punishment was reinstated in 1977.  <em class="date"> Aug 30, 1974: Train crashes into station in Yugoslavia </h2>A train entering a Zagreb , Yugoslavia, station derails, killing 153 people, on this day in 1974. It was the worst rail accident in the country's history to that date and remains one of the worst in Europe's history.  <em class="date"> Aug 30, 30 B.C.: Cleopatra commits suicide </h2>Cleopatra, queen of Egypt and lover of Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, takes her life following the defeat of her forces against Octavian, the future first emperor of Rome.  <em class="date"> Aug 30, 1983: First African American in space </h2>U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Guion S. Bluford becomes the first African American to travel into space when the space shuttle Challenger lifts off on its third mission. It was the first night launch of a space shuttle, and many people stayed up late to watch the spacecraft roar up from Cape Canaveral, Florida , at 2:32 a.m.  <em class="date"> Aug 30, 2003: Movie tough guy Charles Bronson dies </h2>On this day in 2003, the actor Charles Bronson, best known for his tough-guy roles in such films as The Dirty Dozen and the Death Wish franchise, dies at the age of 81 in Los Angeles .  <em class="date"> Aug 30, 1980: Christopher Cross has his first of two #1 hits with Sailing </h2>The music video that famously played during MTV's first minutes on the air was Video Killed The Radio Star, by the British synth-pop duo The Buggles. Four weeks later, a young American singer-songwriter named Christopher Cross completed a meteoric rise from obscurity when his hit ballad Sailing reached the top of the Billboard pop chart on August 30, 1980. In the years since, many observers have linked the first of these two events to the eventual decline of the man who accomplished the second. But even if MTV is what killed the radio star Christopher Cross, it did so only after he accomplished a run of success as great and unexpected as any in pop history.  <em class="date"> Aug 30, 1963: Hotline established between Washington and Moscow </h2>On this day in 1963, John F. Kennedy becomes the first U.S. president to have a direct phone line to the Kremlin in Moscow. The hotline was designed to facilitate communication between the president and Soviet premier.   Aug 30, 1965: Casey Stengel retires </h2>On this day in 1965, New York Mets Manager Casey Stengel announces his retirement, ending his 56-year career in professional baseball. The 75-year-old Stengel had broken his hip in a fall the previous month, and was instructed by his doctor that resuming the duties of manager would take too great a toll on his health.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Aug 31, 1980: Polish government signs accord with Gdansk shipyard workers </h2>On this day in 1980, representatives of the communist government of Poland agree to the demands of striking shipyard workers in the city of Gdansk. Former electrician Lech Walesa led the striking workers, who went on to form Solidarity, the first independent labor union to develop in a Soviet bloc nation.  <em class="date"> Aug 31, 1955: William Cobb demonstrates first solar-powered car </h2>On this day in 1955, William G. Cobb of the General Motors Corp. (GM) demonstrates his 15-inch-long Sunmobile, the world's first solar-powered automobile, at the General Motors Powerama auto show held in Chicago , Illinois .  <em class="date"> Aug 31, 1985: Los Angeles mob attacks Night Stalker </h2>Richard Ramirez, the notorious Night Stalker, is captured and nearly killed by a mob in East Los Angeles , California , after being recognized from a photograph shown both on television and in newspapers. Recently identified as the serial killer, Ramirez was pulled from the enraged mob by police officers.  <em class="date"> Aug 31, 1886: Earthquake shakes Charleston, South Carolina </h2>An earthquake near Charleston, South Carolina , on this day in 1886 leaves more than 100 people dead and hundreds of buildings destroyed. This was the largest recorded earthquake in the history of the southeastern United States .   <em class="date"> Aug 31, 1888: Jack the Ripper claims first victim </h2>Prostitute Mary Ann Nichols, the first victim of London serial killer Jack the Ripper, is found murdered and mutilated in Whitechapel's Buck's Row. The East End of London saw four more victims of the murderer during the next few months, but no suspect was ever found.  <em class="date"> Aug 31, 1897: Edison patents the Kinetograph </h2>Thomas Edison receives a patent for his movie camera, the Kinetograph. Edison had developed the camera and its viewer in the early 1890s and staged several demonstrations.  <em class="date"> Aug 31, 1928: Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill's The Threepenny Opera premieres in Berlin </h2>Die Dreigroschenoper (The Threepenny Opera) receives its world premiere in Berlin on August 31, 1928.  <em class="date"> Aug 31, 1908: William Saroyan is born </h2>William Saroyan, the son of an Armenian immigrant, is born in Fresno on this day in 1908.  <em class="date"> Aug 31, 1935: FDR signs Neutrality Act </h2>On this day in 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Neutrality Act, or Senate Joint Resolution No. 173, which he calls an expression of the desire...to avoid any action which might involve [the U.S.] in war. The signing came at a time when newly installed fascist governments in Europe were beginning to beat the drums of war.  <em class="date"> Aug 31, 1959: Sandy Koufax strikes out 18 </h2>On August 31, 1959, Brooklyn Dodgers left-hander Sandy Koufax strikes out 18 batters, setting a new National League record for most strikeouts in a single game.  <em class="date"> Aug 31, 1967: Senate Committee calls for stepped-up bombing </h2>Senate Preparedness Investigating Committee issues a call to step up bombing against the North, declaring that McNamara had shackled the air war against Hanoi, and calling for closure, neutralization, or isolation of Haiphong. President Johnson, attempting to placate Congressional hawks and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, expanded the approved list of targets in the north, authorizing strikes against bridges, barracks, and railyards in the Hanoi-Haipong area and additional targets in the previously restricted areas along the Chinese border.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 1, 1864: Atlanta falls to Union forces </h2>On this day in 1864, Union Army General William Tecumseh Sherman lays siege to Atlanta, Georgia , a critical Confederate hub, shelling civilians and cutting off supply lines. The Confederates retreated, destroying the city's munitions as they went. On November 15 of that year, Sherman's troops burned much of the city before continuing their march through the South. Sherman's Atlanta campaign was one of the most decisive victories of the Civil War .  <em class="date"> Sep 1, 1998: Federal legislation makes airbags mandatory </h2>On September 1, 1998, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 finally goes into effect. The law required that all cars and light trucks sold in the United States have air bags on both sides of the front seat.  <em class="date"> Sep 1, 1894: Minnesota town burns </h2>The town of Hinckley, Minnesota , is destroyed by a forest fire on this day in 1894. A total of 440 people died in the area.  <em class="date"> Sep 1, 1981: A teenage boy murders his father </h2>Fifteen-year-old Eric Witte shoots his father, 43-year-old volunteer firefighter Paul Witte, in the family's Indiana home. Although Eric admitted to shooting his father, he claimed that the gun had accidentally gone off when he tripped on a rug. The bullet hit his father, who was lying on a couch across the room, in the head. The shooting was ruled an accident, and Eric was released.   Sep 1, 1939: Germans invade Poland </h2>At 4:45 a.m., some 1.5 million German troops invade Poland all along its 1,750-mile border with German-controlled territory. Simultaneously, the German Luftwaffe bombed Polish airfields, and German warships and U-boats attacked Polish naval forces in the Baltic Sea. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler claimed the massive invasion was a defensive action, but Britain and France were not convinced. On September 3, they declared war on Germany, initiating World War II .  <em class="date"> Sep 1, 1985: Wreck of the Titanic found </h2>Seventy-three years after it sunk to the North Atlantic ocean floor, a joint U.S.-French expedition locates the wreck of the RMS Titanic. The sunken liner was about 400 miles east of Newfoundland in the North Atlantic.   Sep 1, 1850: P.T. Barnum brings Jenny Lind to New York </h2>The iconic American huckster, showman and circus entrepreneur P.T. Barnum is most often associated not with refined high culture but of somewhat coarser forms of entertainmentthe circus, yes, but also Siamese twins and various human oddities such as Zip the Pinhead and the Man-monkey. It was none other than P.T. Barnum, however, who brought the greatest opera performer in the world from Europe to the United States in the mid-19th century for a triumphant national tour that set astonishing box-office records and fanned the flames of a widespread opera craze in 1850s America. That star was Jenny Lind The Swedish Nightingale a singer of uncommon talent and great renown whose arrival in New York City on this day in 1850 was greeted with a mania not unlike that which would greet another foreign musical invasion more than a century later.   Sep 1, 1964: First Japanese player makes MLB debut </h2>On September 1, 1964, pitcher Masanori Murakami becomes the first Japanese man to play in U.S. baseballs major leagues. Murakami pitched a scoreless eighth inning for the San Francisco Giants in a 4-1 loss to the New York Mets in front of 39,379 fans at Shea Stadium.  <em class="date"> Sep 1, 1966: De Gaulle urges the United States to get out of Vietnam </h2>In a speech before 100,000 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, President Charles de Gaulle of France denounces U.S. policy in Vietnam and urges the U.S. government to pull its troops out of Southeast Asia.   Sep 1, 1970: McGovern-Hatfield amendment defeated in the Senate </h2>The U.S. Senate rejects the McGovern-Hatfield amendment by a vote of 55-39. This legislation, proposed by Senators George McGovern of South Dakota and Mark Hatfield of Oregon , would have set a deadline of December 31, 1971, for complete withdrawal of American troops from South Vietnam. The Senate also turned down 71-22, a proposal forbidding the Army from sending draftees to Vietnam. Despite the defeat of these two measures, the proposed legislation indicated the growing dissatisfaction with President Nixon's handling of the war.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 2, 1969: First ATM opens for business </h2>On this day in 1969, America's first automatic teller machine (ATM) makes its public debut, dispensing cash to customers at Chemical Bank in Rockville Center, New York . ATMs went on to revolutionize the banking industry, eliminating the need to visit a bank to conduct basic financial transactions. By the 1980s , these money machines had become widely popular and handled many of the functions previously performed by human tellers, such as check deposits and money transfers between accounts. Today, ATMs are as indispensable to most people as cell phones and e-mail.  <em class="date"> Sep 2, 1789: Congress founds U.S. Treasury </h2>On this day in 1789, the United States Treasury Department is founded.  <em class="date"> Sep 2, 1959: Ford introduces the compact, fuel-efficient Falcon </h2>On September 2, 1959, at a news conference broadcast to viewers in 21 cities on closed-circuit television, Henry Ford II introduces his company's newest car--the 90-horsepower, 30 miles-per-gallon Falcon. The Falcon, dubbed the small car with the big car feel, was an overnight success. It went on sale that October 8 and by October 9, dealers had snapped up every one of the 97,000 cars in the first production run.  <em class="date"> Sep 2, 1998: A UN court hands down the first international conviction for genocide </h2>A United Nations court finds Jean-Paul Akayesu, the former mayor of a small town in Rwanda, guilty of nine counts of genocide , marking the first time that the 1948 law banning genocide is enforced. Because mass killings had occurred in several countries since the law went into effect, the UN received heavy criticism for waiting 50 years before finally enforcing it.  <em class="date"> Sep 2, 1923: Great Tokyo Fire continues to blaze </h2>On this day in 1923, aftershocks and out-of-control fires continue to rock Tokyo, Japan , and the surrounding area following a massive earthquake . In total, 143,000 people died in the disaster, which is known both as the Great Kwanto Earthquake and the Great Tokyo Fire, as the fire caused by the earthquake was more deadly and destructive than the earthquake itself.  <em class="date"> Sep 2, 1666: Great Fire of London begins </h2>In the early morning hours, the Great Fire of London breaks out in the house of King Charles II's baker on Pudding Lane near London Bridge. It soon spread to Thames Street, where warehouses filled with combustibles and a strong easterly wind transformed the blaze into an inferno. When the Great Fire finally was extinguished on September 6, more than four-fifths of London was destroyed. Miraculously, only 16 people were known to have died.  <em class="date"> Sep 2, 1945: Japan surrenders </h2>Aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, Japan formally surrenders to the Allies, bringing an end to World War II .  <em class="date"> Sep 2, 1996: Michael Jackson earns his 12th and final solo #1 with You Are Not Alone </h2>The seventh child of a hard-driving father committed to turning his sons into superstars, a young Michael Jackson was pushed in front of the public at the tender age of five and told never to lose their attention. He succeeded beyond anyone's expectations, leading the Jackson 5 to stardom by the age of 12 before embarking on a solo career that would see him become nothing less than the most popular and successful solo male pop star of the modern era. On this day in 1996, he set a record that has since been surpassed only by one other performer, Mariah Carey: Jackson earned his 12th #1 hit as a solo artist when the R&B ballad You Are Not Alone debuted at #1 on the Billboard Hot 100  <em class="date"> Sep 2, 1944: Navy aviator George H.W. Bush and his squadron attacked </h2>On this day in 1944, future President George Herbert Walker Bush is serving as a torpedo bomber pilot in the Pacific theater of World War II when his squadron is attacked by Japanese anti-aircraft guns. Bush was forced to bail out of the plane over the ocean. According to the Navy's records, Bush's squadron was conducting a bombing mission on a Japanese installation on the island of Chi Chi Jima in the Pacific when they encountered heavy anti-aircraft fire. The engine on Bush's plane was set ablaze, yet Bush managed to release his bombs and head back toward the aircraft carrier San Jacinto before bailing out over the water. Three other crew members perished in the attack. After floating on a raft for four hours, a submarine crew fished a safe but exhausted Bush out of the water.  His bravery in action earned him a Distinguished Flying Cross. The previous June, Bush had experienced a similar close call with death when he was forced to make a crash landing on water after a bombing run; a U.S. destroyer crew rescued him from the sea. After his harrowing experience near Chi Chi Jima, Bush returned to the San Jacinto and continued to pilot torpedo bombers in several successful missions. Over the course of 1944, while his squadron suffered a 300 percent casualty rate among its pilots, an undaunted Bush won three Air Medals as well as a Presidential Unit Citation. In total, Bush flew 58 combat missions during the war. In December 1944, Bush was reassigned to Norfolk Naval Base in Norfolk, Virginia , where he was tasked with training new pilots. He received an honorable discharge from the Navy in September 1945 after the Japanese surrender.  <em class="date"> Sep 2, 1991: Connors celebrates birthday with win at U.S. Open </h2>On September 2, 1991, tennis star Jimmy Connors celebrates his 39^th birthday with a fourth round win over Aaron Krickstein, 24, at the U.S. Open. The match was finally decided in a fifth-set tiebreak after a marathon four hours and 49 minutes of play.  <em class="date"> Sep 2, 1969: Ho Chi Minh dies </h2>President Ho Chi Minh of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam dies of a heart attack in Hanoi. North Vietnamese officials announced his death the next day.  history.com

 

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Another news from Chicago, an out-of-work carpenter in northern Illinois discovered a surprise in his yard Monday evening. He discovered a duffel bag filled with $20 bills. Law enforcement later found a second bag, for a total of $150,000. So far, no one has a clue how it got there. Check it here: Chicago area man finds $150,000 in his back yard.

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 3, 1783: Treaty of Paris signed </h2>The American Revolution officially comes to an end when representatives of the United States , Great Britain, Spain and France sign the Treaty of Paris on this day in 1783. The signing signified America's status as a free nation, as Britain formally recognized the independence of its 13 former American colonies, and the boundaries of the new republic were agreed upon: Florida north to the Great Lakes and the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River .  <em class="date"> Sep 3, 1777: The Stars and Stripes flies </h2>The American flag was flown in battle for the first time on this day in 1777, during a Revolutionary War skirmish at Cooch's Bridge, Delaware . Patriot General William Maxwell ordered the Stars and Stripes banner raised as a detachment of his infantry and cavalry met an advance guard of British and Hessian troops. The rebels were defeated and forced to retreat to Brandywine Creek in Pennsylvania , where they joined General George Washington 's main force.  <em class="date"> Sep 3, 1900: Charles Wisner's Buzz-Wagon debuts in Flint </h2>On September 3, 1900, the first car ever made in Flint, Michigan makes its debut in the town's Labor Day parade. Designed and built by a county judge and weekend tinkerer named Charles H. Wisner, the car was one of the only cars built in Flint that did not end up being produced by General Motors. In the end, only three of the Wisner machines were ever built.  <em class="date"> Sep 3, 2004: Russian school siege ends in bloodbath </h2>A three-day hostage crisis at a Russian school comes to a violent conclusion after a gun battle erupts between the hostage-takers and Russian security forces. In the end, over 300 people died, many of them children, while hundreds more were injured.  <em class="date"> Sep 3, 1930: Hurricane batters Dominican Republic </h2>A powerful hurricane slams into the Dominican Republic, killing more than 8,000 people, on this day in 1930. September is a prime month for hurricanes in the Caribbean, as storms that form off the African coast move west and are fueled by waters in the island region that have been warming all summer long.  <em class="date"> Sep 3, 1935: Campbell exceeds 300 mph </h2>A new land-speed record is set by Britain's famed speed demon, Sir Malcolm Campbell. On the Bonneville Salt Flats of Utah , Campbell and his 2,500-hp motor car Bluebird made two runs over a one-mile course at speeds averaging 301.129 mph. In breaking the 300-mph barrier, he surpassed the world record of 276.82 mph that he had set earlier in the year.  <em class="date"> Sep 3, 1982: Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak's US Festival opens in San Bernardino County, California </h2>No company has done more than Apple, Inc., to bring the world of technology together with the world of music. But those who are too young to remember the world before the iPod may never appreciate how just how far apart those worlds were back in 1982, when Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak hatched an ambitious (and expensive) musical plan: Committing a sizable chunk of his sizable fortune to a musical event billed as the biggest thing since Woodstock, Wozniak staged a three-day concert in the mountains of San Bernardino County that featured some of the day's biggest names in music. The Us Festival kicked off under scorching conditions on September 3, 1982.  <em class="date"> Sep 3, 1919: Wilson embarks on tour to promote League of Nations </h2>On this day in 1919, President Woodrow Wilson embarks on a tour across the United States to promote American membership in the League of Nations, an international body that he hoped would help to solve international conflicts and prevent another bloody world war like the one from which the country had just emergedWorld War I. The tour took an enormous toll on Wilson's health.  <em class="date"> Sep 3, 1977: Sadaharu Oh hits 756th home run </h2>On September 3, 1977, Sadaharu Oh of Japan s Yomiuri Giants hits the 756th home run of his career, breaking Hank Aarons professional record for career home runs. Oh was the greatest Japanese player of his era, though not the most popular because of his half-Japanese, half-Chinese background. Nonetheless, his record-breaking homer was cause for celebration throughout Japan.  <em class="date"> Sep 3, 1914: Pope Benedict XV named to papacy </h2>On September 3, 1914, barely a month after the outbreak of World War I , Giacomo della Chiesa is elected to the papacy of the Roman Catholic Church, becoming Pope Benedict XV.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 4, 1886: Geronimo surrenders </h2>On this day in 1886, Apache chief Geronimo surrenders to U.S. government troops. For 30 years, the mighty Native American warrior had battled to protect his tribe's homeland; however, by 1886 the Apaches were exhausted and hopelessly outnumbered. General Nelson Miles accepted Geronimo's surrender, making him the last Indian warrior to formally give in to U.S. forces and signaling the end of the Indian Wars in the Southwest.  <em class="date"> Sep 4, 1957: Edsel arrives in showrooms at last </h2>On September 4, 1957-- E-Day, according to its advertising campaign--the Ford Motor Company unveils the Edsel, the first new automobile brand produced by one of the Big Three car companies since 1938. (Although many people call it the Ford Edsel, in fact Edsel was a division all its own, like Lincoln or Mercury .) Thirteen hundred independent Edsel dealers offered four models for sale: the smaller Pacer and Ranger and the larger Citation and Corsair.  <em class="date"> Sep 4, 1996: Colombian guerrilla organization attacks military base </h2>The Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARC) leads an attack on a military base in Guaviare, Colombia, in protest of the Colombian military's drug eradication program, which was backed by the United States . The program, involving rigorous spraying of a defoliant in the coca-growing regions of southern Colombia, had been destroying valuable coca crops. During three weeks of guerrilla warfare, FARC killed at least 130 Colombians.  <em class="date"> Sep 4, 1596: Tsunami pounds Japanese islands </h2>One of the first tsunamis ever to be recorded devastates the east coast of Kyushu, the southernmost major island of Japan , on this day in 1596.  <em class="date"> Sep 4, 1957: Arkansas troops prevent desegregation </h2>Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus enlists the National Guard to prevent nine African American students from entering Central High School in Little Rock. The armed Arkansas militia troops surrounded the school while an angry crowd of some 400 whites jeered, booed, and threatened to lynch the frightened African American teenagers, who fled shortly after arriving. Faubus took the action in violation of a federal order to integrate the school. The conflict set the stage for the first major test of the U.S. Supreme Court's unanimous 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that racial segregation in educational facilities is unconstitutional.  <em class="date"> Sep 4, 1905: Historical novelist Mary Renault is born </h2>On this day, Mary Renault, critically acclaimed author of historical novels about ancient civilizations , is born.  <em class="date"> Sep 4, 1982: Valley Girl, becomes a top-40 hit for Frank and Moon Unit Zappa </h2>Versatile, prolific, iconoclastic, misanthropicall of these labels were attached to the name Frank Zappa over the course of his unique career in music, but one label that never fit was pop star. Even during his late 1960s and early 1970s heyday, it would have been hard to imagine a figure less likely than Frank Zappa to make a record that would capture the imagination of America's pop radio-listening 14-year-olds. But then a funny thing happened: Frank Zappa had a 14-year-old of his own, and through her creative attempts to connect with her work-obsessed father, a true pop phenomenon was born. On this day in 1982, Frank Zappa earned his first and only top-40 hit with the satirical record Valley Girl, conceived by and featuring the voice of his 14-year-old daughter, Moon Unit.  <em class="date"> Sep 4, 1886: The last American Indian warrior surrenders </h2>For almost 30 years he had fought the whites who invaded his homeland, but Geronimo, the wiliest and most dangerous Apache warrior of his time, finally surrenders in Skeleton Canyon, Arizona , on this day in 1886.  <em class="date"> Sep 4, 1951: President Truman makes first transcontinental television broadcast </h2>On this day in 1951, President Harry S. Truman's opening speech before a conference in San Francisco is broadcast across the nation, marking the first time a television program was broadcast from coast to coast. The speech focused on Truman's acceptance of a treaty that officially ended America's post-World War II occupation of Japan .  <em class="date"> Sep 4, 1972: Spitz wins 7th gold medal </h2>U.S. swimmer Mark Spitz wins his seventh gold medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Spitz swam the fly leg of the 400-meter medley relay, and his team set a new world-record time of 3 minutes, 48.16 seconds. Remarkably, Spitz also established new world records in the six other events in which he won the gold. No other athlete has won so many gold medals at a single Olympiad.  history.com

 

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<em class="date-loc">Observed on the first Monday in September, Labor Day pays tribute to the contributions and achievements of American workers. It was created by the labor movement in the late 19th century and became a federal holiday in 1894. Labor Day also symbolizes the end of summer for many Americans, and is celebrated with parties, parades and athletic events.  <em class="date"> Sep 5, 1957: The New York Times gives On the Road a rave review </h2>On September 5, 1957, New York Times writer Gilbert Millstein gives a rave review to On the Road, the second novel (hardly anyone had read the first) by a 35-year-old Columbia dropout named Jack Kerouac. Jack went to bed obscure, Kerouac's girlfriend told a reporter, and woke up famous.  <em class="date"> Sep 5, 1972: Arab terrorists take Israeli hostages at the Olympics </h2>In the early morning hours of September 5, six members of the Arab terrorist group known as Black September dressed in the Olympic sweat suits of Arab nations and jumped the fence surrounding the Olympic village in Munich, Germany, carrying bags filled with guns. Although guards spotted them, they paid little attention because athletes often jumped the fence during the competition to return to their living quarters.  <em class="date"> Sep 5, 1666: Londoners desperately attempt to halt fire </h2>Firefighters in London begin blowing up homes in a desperate attempt to halt the spread of a great fire through the city on this day in 1666. All other attempts to stop the progress of the flames over the previous three days had failed. By the time the fire was finally snuffed out the following day, more than 100,000 people had been left homeless  <em class="date"> Sep 5, 1774: First Continental Congress convenes </h2>In response to the British Parliament's enactment of the Coercive Acts in the American colonies, the first session of the Continental Congress convenes at Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia. Fifty-six delegates from all the colonies except Georgia drafted a declaration of rights and grievances and elected Virginian Peyton Randolph as the first president of Congress. Patrick Henry, George Washington , John Adams , and John Jay were among the delegates.  <em class="date"> Sep 5, 1877: Crazy Horse killed </h2>Oglala Sioux chief Crazy Horse is fatally bayoneted by a U.S. soldier after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at Fort Robinson, Nebraska . A year earlier, Crazy Horse was among the Sioux leaders who defeated George Armstrong Custer 's Seventh Cavalry at the Battle of Little Bighorn in Montana Territory. The battle, in which 265 members of the Seventh Cavalry, including Custer, were killed, was the worst defeat of the U.S. Army in its long history of warfare with the Native Americans .  <em class="date"> Sep 5, 1975: Ford assassination attempt thwarted </h2>In Sacramento , California , an assassination attempt against President Gerald Ford is foiled when a Secret Service agent wrests a semi-automatic .45-caliber pistol from Lynette Squeaky Fromme, a follower of incarcerated cult leader Charles Manson. Fromme was pointing the loaded gun at the president when the Secret Service agent grabbed it. Seventeen days later, Ford escaped injury in another assassination attempt when 45-year-old Sara Jane Moore fired a revolver at him. Moore, a leftist radical who once served as an informant for the Federal Bureau of Investigation, had a history of mental illness. She was arrested at the scene, convicted, and sentenced to life.  <em class="date"> Sep 5, 1964: House of the Rising Sun by the Animals tops the U.S. pop charts </h2>To chart-topping American acts like Steve Lawrence ( Go Away Little Girl ) and Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs ( Sugar Shack ), 1963 had been a year filled with promise. And then came the Beatles, whose dramatic arrival in January 1964 clearly posed a commercial threat. By the middle of 1964, with Louis Armstrong ( Hello Dolly ) and Dean Martin ( Everybody Loves Somebody ) both having earned #1 pop hits, it may have seemed that the worst was over. But then came another blow in the form of the Animals, whose signature hit, House of The Rising Sun, reached #1 on the U.S. pop charts on this day in 1964. Steeped in a musical idiom very different from She Loves You and I Wanna Hold Your Hand, House of The Rising Sun hinted at an entirely new line of attack from the forces of the British Invasion.  <em class="date"> Sep 5, 1847: Outlaw Jesse James is born in Missouri </h2>Seen by some as a vicious murderer and by others as a gallant Robin Hood, the famous outlaw Jesse Woodson James is born on this day in 1847, in Clay County, Missouri .  <em class="date"> Sep 5, 1972: Massacre begins at Munich Olympics </h2>During the 1972 Summer Olympics at Munich, in the early morning of September 5, a group of Palestinian terrorists storms the Olympic Village apartment of the Israeli athletes, killing two and taking nine others hostage. The terrorists were part of a group known as Black September, in return for the release of the hostages, theydemanded that Israel release over 230 Arab prisoners being held in Israeli jails and two German terrorists. In an ensuing shootout at the Munich airport, the nine Israeli hostages were killed along with five terrorists and one West German policeman. Olympic competition was suspended for 24 hours to hold memorial services for the slain athletes.  history.com

 

[Nick loanberry]

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<em class="date"> Sep 6, 1915: First tank produced </h2>On this day in 1915, a prototype tank nicknamed Little Willie rolls off the assembly line in England. Little Willie was far from an overnight success. It weighed 14 tons, got stuck in trenches and crawled over rough terrain at only two miles per hour. However, improvements were made to the original prototype and tanks eventually transformed military battlefields.  <em class="date"> Sep 6, 2007: Volkswagen moves to Virginia </h2>On this day in 2007, Volkswagen of America announces that it is moving its headquarters from Auburn Hills, Michigan to Herndon, Virginia . The company made the move, it said, to be closer to the East-Coasters who buy most of its cars. You want to work in an environment where you see your customers, Volkswagen CEO Stefan Jacoby told the Washington Post. You don't want to work where you basically see only American cars of the Big Three.  <em class="date"> Sep 6, 1901: President McKinley is shot </h2>President William McKinley is shot at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York . McKinley was greeting the crowd in the Temple of Music when Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, stepped forward and shot the president twice at point-blank range. McKinley lived for another week before finally succumbing to a gangrene infection on September 14.  <em class="date"> Sep 6, 1943: Train derails on way to New York </h2>A new high-speed train traveling between New York City and Washington, D.C. , derails, killing 79 people, on this day in 1943. An apparent defect in an older car attached to the train combined with the placement of a signal gantry resulted in the deadly accident.  <em class="date"> Sep 6, 1522: Magellan's expedition circumnavigates globe </h2>One of Ferdinand Magellan's five ships--the Vittoria--arrives at SanlÚcar de Barrameda in Spain, thus completing the first circumnavigation of the world. The Vittoria was commanded by Basque navigator Juan SebastiÁn de Elcano, who took charge of the vessel after the murder of Magellan in the Philippines in April 1521. During a long, hard journey home, the people on the ship suffered from starvation, scurvy, and harassment by Portuguese ships. Only Elcano, 17 other Europeans, and four Indians survived to reach Spain in September 1522.  <em class="date"> Sep 6, 1966: Architect of apartheid assassinated </h2>South African Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd is stabbed to death by a deranged messenger during a parliamentary meeting in Cape Town. The assailant, Demetrio Tsafendas, was a Mozambique immigrant of mixed racial descent--part Greek and part Swazi.  <em class="date"> Sep 6, 1997: Some 2.5 billion TV viewers watch Princess Dianas funeral </h2>On this day in 1997, an estimated 2.5 billion people around the globe tune in to television broadcasts of the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, who died at the age of 36 in a car crash in Paris the week before. During her 15-year marriage to Prince Charles, the son of Queen Elizabeth II and the heir to the British throne, Diana became one of the most famous, most photographed people on the planet. Her life story was fodder for numerous books, television programs and movies and her image appeared on countless magazine covers, including those of People and Vanity Fair. After her death, she remained an iconic figure and a continual source of fascination to the media and entertainment world.  <em class="date"> Sep 6, 1997: Elton John performs a re-written Candle in the Wind at Princess Diana's funeral </h2> The people's princess was the label Great Britain's newly elected Prime Minister Tony Blair chose to use in describing the late Princess Diana in his first public statement following her death. It was a sensitive and understated way to refer to Diana's tremendous popularity among the British public despite her estrangement from England's royal family. Pop legend Elton John chose a more dramatic form of tribute: On September 6, 1997, at the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, Elton Johna man not given to understatementgave a tear-jerking performance of Candle in the Wind, his 1973 Marilyn Monroe tribute rewritten in honor of the deceased princess.  <em class="date"> Sep 6, 1995: Ripken breaks record for consecutive games played </h2>On this day in 1995, Baltimore Orioles shortstop Cal Ripken Jr. plays in his 2,131st consecutive game, breaking Iron Horse Lou Gehrigs record for most consecutive games played. The Iron Man was credited with reviving interest in baseball after a 1994 work stoppage forced the cancellation of the World Series and soured fans on the national pastime.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 7, 1813: United States nicknamed Uncle Sam </h2>On this day in 1813, the United States gets its nickname, Uncle Sam. The name is linked to Samuel Wilson, a meat packer from Troy, New York , who supplied barrels of beef to the United States Army during the War of 1812. Wilson (1766-1854) stamped the barrels with U.S. for United States, but soldiers began referring to the grub as Uncle Sam's. The local newspaper picked up on the story and Uncle Sam eventually gained widespread acceptance as the nickname for the U.S. federal government.  <em class="date"> Sep 7, 1776: World's first submarine attack </h2>On this day in 1776, during the Revolutionary War , the American submersible craft Turtle attempts to attach a time bomb to the hull of British Admiral Richard Howe's flagship Eagle in New York Harbor. It was the first use of a submarine in warfare.  <em class="date"> Sep 7, 1896: Electric car wins the first auto race in the United States </h2>On September 7, 1896, an electric car built by the Riker Electric Motor Company wins the first auto race in the United States , at the Narragansett Trotting Park--a mile-long dirt oval at the state fairgrounds that was normally used for horse racing--in Cranston, Rhode Island . Automobile companies sponsored the race to show off their newfangled electric-, steam-, and gas-powered vehicles to an awestruck audience. The carmakers' gimmick worked: About 60,000 fairgoers attended the event, and many more people read about it in newspapers and magazines.  <em class="date"> Sep 7, 1996: Tupac Shakur is shot </h2>Actor and hip-hop recording artist Tupac Shakur is shot several times in Las Vegas , Nevada , after attending a boxing match. Shakur was riding in a black BMW with Death Row Records founder Marion Suge Knight when a white Cadillac sedan pulled alongside and fired into Shakur's car. Knight was only grazed in the head, but Shakur was hit several times. He died in a hospital several days later.  <em class="date"> Sep 7, 1921: Flash flood hits San Antonio </h2>The San Antonio River floods on this day in 1921, killing 51 people and causing millions of dollars in damages. The flood was caused by some of the heaviest rainfall ever recorded in Texas .  <em class="date"> Sep 7, 1977: Panama to control canal </h2>In Washington, President Jimmy Carter and Panamanian dictator Omar Torrijos sign a treaty agreeing to transfer control of the Panama Canal from the United States to Panama at the end of the 20th century. The Panama Canal Treaty also authorized the immediate abolishment of the Canal Zone, a 10-mile-wide, 40-mile-long U.S.-controlled area that bisected the Republic of Panama. Many in Congress opposed giving up control of the Panama Canal--an enduring symbol of U.S. power and technological prowess--but America's colonial-type administration of the strategic waterway had long irritated Panamanians and other Latin Americans.   Sep 7, 1986: Tutu becomes archbishop </h2>Bishop Desmond Tutu becomes the archbishop of Cape Town, two years after winning the Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent opposition to apartheid in South Africa. As archbishop, he was the first black to head South Africa's Anglican church.  <em class="date"> Sep 7, 1911: Guillaume Apollinaire is arrested for stealing the Mona Lisa </h2>On this day, French poet Guillaume Apollinaire is arrested and jailed on suspicion of stealing Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa from the Louvre museum in Paris.  <em class="date"> Sep 7, 1953: Maureen Connolly wins U.S. Open </h2>On this day in 1953, Californian tennis star Maureen Connolly defeats Doris Hart of Florida to win the U.S. Open 6-2, 6-4 and becomes the first woman ever to win the Grand Slam of tennis, capturing all four major championships in the same year.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 8, 1974: Ford pardons Nixon </h2>In a controversial executive action, President Gerald Ford pardons his disgraced predecessor Richard Nixon for any crimes he may have committed or participated in while in office. Ford later defended this action before the House Judiciary Committee, explaining that he wanted to end the national divisions created by the Watergate scandal .  <em class="date"> Sep 8, 1986: Nissan's first European factory opens </h2>On September 8, 1986, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Yutaka Kume, the president of the Nissan Motor Company, officially open Nissan's first European manufacturing plant in Sunderland, Britain. Sunderland is situated in the northeastern part of England, a region that was hit especially hard by the deindustrialization and economic strain of the 1970s and 80s. Many of its coal pits, shipyards, steel mills, and chemical factories had closed or were closing, and the Japanese company's arrival gave many of the town's residents hope for the future. Twenty-five thousand people applied for the first 450 jobs advertised at the plant.  <em class="date"> Sep 8, 1935: Huey Long is shot </h2>Senator Huey Long is shot in the Louisiana state capitol building. He died about 30 hours later. Called a demagogue by critics, the populist leader was a larger-than-life figure who boasted that he bought legislators like sacks of potatoes, shuffled them like a deck of cards. He gave himself the nickname Kingfish, saying I'm a small fish here in Washington. But I'm the Kingfish to the folks down in Louisiana.  <em class="date"> Sep 8, 1900: Deadly hurricane batters Texas </h2>One of the deadliest hurricanes in U.S. history hits Galveston, Texas , on this day in 1900, killing more than 6,000 people. The storm caused so much destruction on the Texas coast that reliable estimates of the number of victims are difficult to make. Some believe that as many as 12,000 people perished, which would make it the most deadly day in American history.  <em class="date"> Sep 8, 1664: New Amsterdam becomes New York </h2>Dutch Governor Peter Stuyvesant surrenders New Amsterdam, the capital of New Netherland, to an English naval squadron under Colonel Richard Nicolls. Stuyvesant had hoped to resist the English, but he was an unpopular ruler, and his Dutch subjects refused to rally around him. Following its capture, New Amsterdam's name was changed to New York , in honor of the Duke of York, who organized the mission.  <em class="date"> Sep 8, 1900: Deadly hurricane destroys Galveston </h2>On this day in 1900, a Category 4 hurricane rips through Galveston, Texas , killing an estimated 6,000 to 8,000 people. A 15-foot storm surge flooded the city, then situated at less than nine feet above sea level, and numerous homes and buildings were destroyed. The hurricane remains the worst weather-related disaster in U.S. history in terms of loss of life.   Sep 8, 1986: Oprah goes national </h2>On this day in 1986, The Oprah Winfrey Show is broadcast nationally for the first time. A huge success, her daytime television talk show turns Winfrey into one of the most powerful, wealthy people in show business and, arguably, the most influential woman in America.  <em class="date"> Sep 8, 2003: RIAA begins suing individual sharers of copyrighted mp3 files </h2>Nobody likes playing the heavy and having to resort to litigation, said Cary Sherman, president of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on this day in 2003, but when your product is being regularly stolen, there comes a time when you have to take appropriate action. The product in question was musicmusic in the form of digital mp3 files being transmitted among users of Internet file-sharing applications in violation of copyright laws. And while the RIAA's idea of appropriate action in response to digital music piracy had previously meant efforts to shut down the operators of Internet file-sharing systems, the industry group announced a new and controversial strategy on September 8, 2003: the filing of lawsuits against individual users of those systems, some of them children.  <em class="date"> Sep 8, 1998: McGwire passes Maris </h2>On September 8, 1998, St. Louis Cardinals slugger Mark McGwire hits his 62nd home run of the year, breaking Roger Maris record for most home runs in a single season. McGwire was celebrated as a hero at the time, though allegations that he used performance-enhancing substances have since led some to question the legitimacy of his accomplishments.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 9, 1893: President's child born in White House </h2>Frances Folsom Cleveland, the wife of President Grover Cleveland , gives birth to a daughter, Esther, in the White House .  <em class="date"> Sep 9, 1776: Congress renames the nation United States of America </h2>On this day in 1776, the Continental Congress formally declares the name of the new nation to be the United States of America. This replaced the term United Colonies, which had been in general use.   Sep 9, 1966: President Johnson signs the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act </h2>On September 9, 1966, President Lyndon Johnson signs the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act into law. Immediately afterward, he signed the Highway Safety Act. The two bills made the federal government responsible for setting and enforcing safety standards for cars and roads. Unsafe highways, Johnson argued, were a menace to public health: In this century, Johnson said before he signed the bills, more than 1,500,000 of our fellow citizens have died on our streets and highways; nearly three times as many Americans as we have lost in all our wars. It was a genuine crisis, and one that the automakers had proven themselves unwilling or unable to resolve. Safety is no luxury item, the President declared, no optional extra; it must be a normal cost of doing business.   Sep 9, 1919: The Boston police department goes on strike </h2>The infamous Boston Police Strike of 1919 begins, causing an uproar around the nation and confirming the growing influence of unions on American life. Using the situation to their advantage, criminals took the opportunity to loot the city.  <em class="date"> Sep 9, 1954: Powerful earthquake rocks Algeria </h2>On this day in 1954, a 6.8-magnitude earthquake strikes Algeria, near Orleansville, killing 1,600 people. Another 5,000 people suffered serious injuries during the strong tremor and series of aftershocks that followed.  <em class="date"> Sep 9, 1971: Riot at Attica prison </h2>Prisoners riot and seize control of the maximum-security Attica Correctional Facility near Buffalo, New York . Later that day, state police retook most of the prison, but 1,281 convicts occupied an exercise field called D Yard, where they held 39 prison guards and employees hostage for four days. After negotiations stalled, state police and prison officers launched a disastrous raid on September 13, in which 10 hostages and 29 inmates were killed in an indiscriminate hail of gunfire. Eighty-nine others were seriously injured.  <em class="date"> Sep 9, 1939: Audiences are treated to surprise preview of Gone with the Wind </h2>Audiences at the Fox Theater in Riverside, California , get a surprise showing of Gone with the Wind, which the theater manager shows as a second feature. Producer David O. Selznick sat in the back and observed the audience reaction to his highly anticipated film. The movie was released a few months later.  <em class="date"> Sep 9, 1850: California becomes the 31st state in record time </h2>Though it had only been a part of the United States for less than two years, California becomes the 31st state in the union (without ever even having been a territory) on this day in 1850.  <em class="date"> Sep 9, 1965: Sandy Koufax pitches perfect game </h2>On this day in 1965, Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Sandy Koufax pitches the eighth perfect game in major league history, leading the Dodgers to a 1-0 win over the Chicago Cubs at Dodgers Stadium in Los Angeles.  <em class="date"> Sep 9, 1942: Japanese bomb U.S. mainland </h2>On this day in 1942, a Japanese floatplane drops incendiary bombs on an Oregon state forest-the first and only air attack on the U.S. mainland in the war.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 10, 1897: First drunk driving arrest </h2>On this day in 1897, a 25-year-old London taxi driver named George Smith becomes the first person ever arrested for drunk driving after slamming his cab into a building. Smith later pled guilty and was fined 25 shillings.  <em class="date"> Sep 10, 1931: Crime boss Salvatore Maranazano is murdered </h2>Crime boss Salvatore Maranzano is shot and stabbed to death in New York City by four men working for Charles Lucky Luciano, one of the flashiest figures in organized crime. At one time, Luciano was living at the Waldorf Astoria and taking in over a million dollars a year, while declaring only a small income. He was always seen with a Broadway showgirl on his arm, although he reportedly had a fondness for prostitutes in private.  <em class="date"> Sep 10, 1977: Serial-killing couple meets </h2>Charlene Williams meets Gerald Gallego at a poker club in Sacramento , California , resulting in one of the worst serial killing teams in American history. Before they were finally caught, the Gallegos killed and sexually assaulted at least 10 people over a two-year period.  <em class="date"> Sep 10, 1976: Jets collide over Zagreb </h2>Two jets collide in mid-air over Zagreb , Yugoslavia, killing 176 people on this day in 1976. Errors by an air-traffic controller led to this deadly collision.  <em class="date"> Sep 10, 1977: The guillotine falls silent </h2>At Baumetes Prison in Marseille, France, Hamida Djandoubi, a Tunisian immigrant convicted of murder, becomes the last person executed by guillotine.  <em class="date"> Sep 10, 1941: Stephen Jay Gould is born </h2>Stephen Jay Gould, author of The Panda's Thumb and other popular essay collections, is born on this day.  <em class="date"> Sep 10, 1991: Nirvana's Smells Like Teen Spirit is released as a single </h2>You either had to be part of a fairly small subculture of music fans or a professional on the business side of the music industry to have heard of Nirvana before the autumn of 1991. To the few who followed their particular brand of alternative music before alternative went mainstream, Nirvana had announced themselves as a band to watch with their independently produced 1989 album Bleach. And to the music-business pros who knew that Bleach sold 30,000 copies after being produced for only $600, Nirvana was seen as a prime candidate for a breakout with their second album being released by the major label Geffen Records. But absolutely no onenot Nirvana's biggest fans, not their biggest industry supporters and certainly not the band-members themselves suspected the magnitude of what was about to happen. In just a few short months, a group that was a complete nonentity to the mainstream music-buying public would become the most important rock band on earth. The transformation began on this day in 1991, with the release of Nirvana's landmark single, Smells Like Teen Spirit.  <em class="date"> Sep 10, 1833: Andrew Jackson shuts down Second Bank of the U.S. </h2>On this day in 1833, President Andrew Jackson announces that the government will no longer use the Second Bank of the United States , the country's national bank. He then used his executive power to remove all federal funds from the bank, in the final salvo of what is referred to as the Bank War.  <em class="date"> Sep 10, 1962: Rod Laver wins Grand Slam </h2>On this day in 1962, Rod Laver defeats fellow Australian Roy Emerson in four sets to win the U.S. Open. With the victory, Laver became the first man to win the tennis Grand Slam --four major tournaments in the same year--since Don Budge in 1938.  <em class="date"> Sep 10, 1919: New York City parade honors World War I veterans </h2>On this day in 1919, almost one year after an armistice officially ended the First World War, New York City holds a parade to welcome home General John J. Pershing, commander in chief of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), and some 25,000 soldiers who had served in the AEFs 1st Division on the Western Front.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 11, 2001: Attack on America </h2>At 8:45 a.m. on a clear Tuesday morning, an American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with 20,000 gallons of jet fuel crashes into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The impact left a gaping, burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110-story skyscraper, instantly killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in higher floors. As the evacuation of the tower and its twin got underway, television cameras broadcasted live images of what initially appeared to be a freak accident. Then, 18 minutes after the first plane hit, a second Boeing 767--United Airlines Flight 175--appeared out of the sky, turned sharply toward the World Trade Center, and sliced into the south tower at about the 60th floor. The collision caused a massive explosion that showered burning debris over surrounding buildings and the streets below. America was under attack. The attackers were Islamic terrorists from Saudi Arabia and several other Arab nations. Reportedly financed by Saudi fugitive Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda terrorist organization, they were allegedly acting in retaliation for America's support of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf War, and its continued military presence in the Middle East. Some of the terrorists had lived in the United States for more than a year and had taken flying lessons at American commercial flight schools. Others had slipped into the U.S. in the months before September 11 and acted as the muscle in the operation. The 19 terrorists easily smuggled box-cutters and knives through security at three East Coast airports and boarded four flights bound for California, chosen because the planes were loaded with fuel for the long transcontinental journey. Soon after takeoff, the terrorists commandeered the four planes and took the controls, transforming the ordinary commuter jets into guided missiles. As millions watched in horror the events unfolding in New York, American Airlines Flight 77 circled over downtown Washington and slammed into the west side of the Pentagon military headquarters at 9:45 a.m. Jet fuel from the Boeing 757 caused a devastating inferno that led to a structural collapse of a portion of the giant concrete building. All told, 125 military personnel and civilians were killed in the Pentagon along with all 64 people aboard the airliner. Less than 15 minutes after the terrorists struck the nerve center of the U.S. military, the horror in New York took a catastrophic turn for the worse when the south tower of the World Trade Center collapsed in a massive cloud of dust and smoke. The structural steel of the skyscraper, built to withstand winds in excess of 200 mph and a large conventional fire, could not withstand the tremendous heat generated by the burning jet fuel. At 10:30 a.m., the other Trade Center tower collapsed. Close to 3,000 people died in the World Trade Center and its vicinity, including a staggering 343 firefighters and paramedics, 23 New York City police officers, and 37 Port Authority police officers who were struggling to complete an evacuation of the buildings and save the office workers trapped on higher floors. Only six people in the World Trade Center towers at the time of their collapse survived. Almost 10,000 other people were treated for injuries, many severe. Meanwhile, a fourth California-bound plane--United Flight 93--was hijacked about 40 minutes after leaving Newark International Airport in New Jersey. Because the plane had been delayed in taking off, passengers on board learned of events in New York and Washington via cell phone and Airfone calls to the ground. Knowing that the aircraft was not returning to an airport as the hijackers claimed, a group of passengers and flight attendants planned an insurrection. One of the passengers, Thomas Burnett, Jr., told his wife over the phone that I know we're all going to die. There's three of us who are going to do something about it. I love you, honey. Another passenger--Todd Beamer--was heard saying Are you guys ready? Let's roll over an open line. Sandy Bradshaw, a flight attendant, called her husband and explained that she had slipped into a galley and was filling pitchers with boiling water. Her last words to him were Everyone's running to first class. I've got to go. Bye. The passengers fought the four hijackers and are suspected to have attacked the cockpit with a fire extinguisher. The plane then flipped over and sped toward the ground at upwards of 500 miles per hour, crashing in a rural field in western Pennsylvania at 10:10 a.m. All 45 people aboard were killed. Its intended target is not known, but theories include the White House, the U.S. Capitol, the Camp David presidential retreat in Maryland, or one of several nuclear power plants along the eastern seaboard. At 7 p.m., President George W. Bush, who had spent the day being shuttled around the country because of security concerns, returned to the White House. At 9 p.m., he delivered a televised address from the Oval Office, declaring Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve. In a reference to the eventual U.S. military response he declared: We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them. Operation Enduring Freedom, the U.S.-led international effort to oust the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and destroy Osama bin Laden's terrorist network based there, began on October 7, 2001. Bin Laden was killed during a raid of his compound in Pakistan by U.S. forces on May 2, 2011.  <em class="date"> Sep 11, 1971: Nikita Khrushchev dies </h2>Former Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, one of the most significant figures of the Cold War and certainly one of the most colorful, dies. During the height of his power in the late 1950s and early 1960s , Khrushchev was involved in some of the most important events of the Cold War.  <em class="date"> Sep 11, 1991: Commuter plane crashes </h2>A Continental Express commuter plane crashes in Texas near Houston, killing 14 people, on this day in 1991. The accident was caused by poor communication by the maintenance crew during a shift change.  <em class="date"> Sep 11, 1930: Flowering Judas, by Katherine Anne Porter, is published </h2>Katherine Anne Porter's first collection of short stories, Flowering Judas, is published on this day in 1930.  <em class="date"> Sep 11, 1971: Donny Osmond has the #1 hit on the U.S. pop charts with Go Away Little Girl </h2>Donny Osmond began his professional career in the early 1960s , as the dimpled, five-year-old frontman of the family barbershop quintet. These days, he is still a reliable Las Vegas nightclub draw; an occasional above-the-marquee star of touring Broadway musicals; and an on-again, off-again host of syndicated television chat- and game-shows. For one golden period in the 1970s , however, this hardworking showbiz survivor was a bona fide superstar. That period was well underway on this day in 1971, when 13-year-old Donny Osmond earned his first solo (and second overall) #1 hit with Go Away Little Girl.  <em class="date"> Sep 11, 2001: Bush learns of attack on World Trade Center </h2>On the morning of September 11 , 2001, President George W. Bush is en route to a visit with schoolchildren in Florida when he receives word that a passenger jet had just crashed into one of the World Trade Center towers in New York City . Within an hour of this first report, Bush was reading along with children in a classroom when he was informed that a second airliner had crashed into a second tower.  <em class="date"> Sep 11, 1985: Pete Rose hits into the record books </h2>On this day in 1985, Cincinnati Reds player-manager Pete Rose gets the 4,192nd hit of his career, breaking Ty Cobbs major league record for career hits. Rose was a folk hero in Cincinnati, a homegrown talent known as Charlie Hustle for his relentless work ethic.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 12, 1940: Lascaux cave paintings discovered </h2>Near Montignac, France, a collection of prehistoric cave paintings are discovered by four teenagers who stumbled upon the ancient artwork after following their dog down a narrow entrance into a cavern. The 15,000- to 17,000-year-old paintings, consisting mostly of animal representations, are among the finest examples of art from the Upper Paleolithic period.  <em class="date"> Sep 12, 2002: Tyco execs indicted </h2>Three former executives from Tyco International, including the CEO and CFO, are indicted in New York on charges that they stole hundreds of millions of dollars from the company. Two of the men, CEO Dennis Kozlowski and CFO Mark Swartz, were later convicted and given lengthy prison sentences. The case became symbolic of the eras corporate corruption and greed.  <em class="date"> Sep 12, 1988: Hurricane Gilbert slams Jamaica </h2>Hurricane Gilbert slams into Jamaica, killing hundreds of people, on this day in 1988. The storm went on to cause death and destruction in Mexico and spur a batch of tornadoes in Texas .  <em class="date"> Sep 12, 1953: Khrushchev elected Soviet leader </h2>Six months after the death of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , Nikita Khrushchev succeeds him with his election as first secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union .  <em class="date"> Sep 12, 1953: JFK marries Jacqueline Bouvier </h2>Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy of Massachusetts marries Jacqueline Lee Bouvier, a photographer for the Washington Times-Herald, at St. Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island . More than 750 guests attended the ceremony presided over by Boston Archbishop Richard Cushing and featuring Boston tenor Luigi Vena, who sang Ave Maria. A crowd of 3,000 onlookers waited outside the church for a glimpse of the newlyweds, who were taken by motorcycle escort to their wedding reception at Hammersmith Farm, an estate overlooking Naragansett Bay. Kennedy was elected the 35th president of the United States seven years later.  <em class="date"> Sep 12, 1974: Violence in Boston over racial busing </h2>In Boston, Massachusetts , opposition to court-ordered school busing turns violent on the opening day of classes. School buses carrying African American children were pelted with eggs, bricks, and bottles, and police in combat gear fought to control angry white protesters besieging the schools.  <em class="date"> Sep 12, 1944: Barry White is born </h2>Born in Galveston, Texas , on this day in 1944, Barry White--or the Maestro --went on to stunningly successful career as a pop singer that spanned five decades, and made him a star of the disco era.  <em class="date"> Sep 12, 1972: Hopalong Cassidy rides off into his last sunset </h2>After nearly 40 years of riding across millions of American TV and movie screens, the cowboy actor William Boyd, best known for his role as Hopalong Cassidy, dies on this day in 1972 at the age of 77.  <em class="date"> Sep 12, 1951: Sugar Ray Robinson wins back belt </h2>On September 12, 1951, former middleweight champion Sugar Ray Robinson defeats Randy Turpin to win back the belt in front of 61,370 spectators at the Polo Grounds in New York City . Robinson, a New York City native, had lost the belt to Turpin two months prior in Turpins native London.  <em class="date"> Sep 12, 1959: Situation deteriorates in South Vietnam </h2>North Vietnamese Premier Pham Van Dong tells the French Consul: You must remember we will be in Saigon tomorrow. In November, he would tell the Canadian Commissioner: We will drive the Americans into the sea. The U.S. Embassy in Saigon eventually passed these remarks along to Washington as evidence of the deteriorating situation in South Vietnam. The United States had taken over from the French in the effort to stem the tide of communism in Southeast Asia. When President John F. Kennedy took office in 1961, he was faced with a dilemma in Laos and Vietnam. He decided that the line against communism had to be drawn in Vietnam and therefore he increased the number of military advisers to President Ngo Dinh Diem's government in Saigon. By the time of his assassination in November 1963, there would be more than 16,000 U.S. advisers in South Vietnam. Under his successor, Lyndon Johnson , there would be a steady escalation of the war that ultimately resulted in the commitment of more than half a million U.S. troops in South Vietnam.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sept 13, 2010 <em class="date"> <em class="date"> PMM2008 joins No Deposit Forum in 2010 . <em class="date">   <em class="date">   <em class="date">   <em class="date"> Sep 13, 1814: Key pens Star-Spangled Banner </h2>On this day in 1814, Francis Scott Key pens a poem which is later set to music and in 1931 becomes America's national anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner. The poem, originally titled The Defence of Fort McHenry, was written after Key witnessed the Maryland fort being bombarded by the British during the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the sight of a lone U.S. flag still flying over Fort McHenry at daybreak, as reflected in the now-famous words of the Star-Spangled Banner : And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.  <em class="date"> Sep 13, 2004: Oprah gives away nearly 300 new cars </h2>On this day in 2004, TV talk-show host Oprah Winfrey gives a brand-new Pontiac G-6 sedan, worth $28,500, to everyone in her studio audience: a total of 276 cars in all.) Oprah had told her producers to fill the crowd with people who desperately needed the cars, and when she announced the prize (by jumping up and down, waving a giant keyring and yelling Everybody gets a car! Everybody gets a car! ), mayhem--crying, screaming, delirium, fainting--broke out all around her. It was, as one media expert told a reporter, one of the great promotional stunts in the history of television.  <em class="date"> Sep 13, 1971: Attica prison riot ends </h2>A four-day riot at Attica Prison comes to a violent end as law enforcement officials open fire, killing 29 inmates and 10 hostages and injuring many more. The prison insurrection was the bloodiest in U.S. history.  <em class="date"> Sep 13, 1989: Devastating storm heads toward Caribbean </h2>Hurricane Hugo approaches the Leeward Islands on this day in 1989. Over the next 12 days, Hugo would kill 75 people from the island of Guadeloupe to South Carolina .  <em class="date"> Sep 13, 1998: George Wallace dies </h2>George Wallace, one of the most controversial politicians in U.S. history, dies in Montgomery, Alabama , at the age of 79.  <em class="date"> Sep 13, 1916: Children's author Roald Dahl is born </h2>On this day in 1916, Roald Dahl, author of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964) and James and the Giant Peach (1961), is born in South Wales.  <em class="date"> Sep 13, 1996: Tupac Shakur dies </h2>Hip hop star Tupac Shakur dies on September 13, 1996 of gunshot wounds suffered in a Las Vegas drive-by shooting.  <em class="date"> Sep 13, 1936: Bob Feller strikes out 17 at 17 </h2>On this day in 1936, 17-year-old Cleveland Indians pitching ace Rapid Robert Feller strikes out 17 batters in a game, setting a new American League record. Feller allowed just two hits in the game to help his team to a 5-2 victory over the Philadelphia As.  <em class="date"> Sep 13, 1980: President Carter attends Willie Nelson concert at White House </h2>On this day in 1980, country music artist Willie Nelson and his band perform at the White House with President Jimmy Carter in attendance. Later that night, unbeknownst to the president, Nelson allegedly retired to the White House roof to smoke a marijuana cigarette. history.com -- Edited by PMM2008 on Tuesday 13th of September 2011 02:13:22 AM

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 14, 1901: McKinley dies of infection from gunshot wounds </h2>On this day in 1901, U.S. President William McKinley dies after being shot by a deranged anarchist during the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York .  <em class="date"> Sep 14, 1959: Soviet probe reaches the moon </h2>A Soviet rocket crashes into the moon 's surface, becoming the first man-made object sent from earth to reach the lunar surface. The event gave the Soviets a short-lived advantage in the space race and prompted even greater effort by the United States to develop its own space program.  <em class="date"> Sep 14, 1974: A song about crime hits the charts </h2> I Shot the Sheriff hits No. 1 on the music charts. While the song had been written by reggae legend Bob Marley the previous year, it was Eric Clapton's version that ascended to the top of the charts.  <em class="date"> Sep 14, 1999: Millions flee from Hurricane Floyd </h2>Millions of people evacuate their homes as Hurricane Floyd moves across the Atlantic Ocean on this day in 1999. Over the next several days, deaths are recorded from the Bahamas to New England due to the powerful storm.  <em class="date"> Sep 14, 1982: Hollywood star and real-life princess Grace Kelly dies </h2>On this day in 1982, Princess Grace of Monaco--the American-born former film star Grace Kelly, whose movie credits include The Country Girl and Rear Window--dies at the age of 52 from injuries suffered after her car plunged off a mountain road near Monte Carlo. During the height of her Hollywood career in the 1950s , Kelly became an international icon of beauty and glamour.  <em class="date"> Sep 14, 1955: Little Richard records Tutti Frutti </h2>The question of who invented rock and roll will be never be answered authoritatively, but one of the handful of names that belongs in any discussion of the topic is Richard Wayne Penniman, better known as Little Richard. He has called himself The Architect of Rock and Roll a title he has every right to claim by force of both his music, which played a critical role in moving early rock and roll toward its now-familiar sound, and his personality, which helped create our basic expectations of rock-and-roll performers and performances. The combined power of those forces was unleashed upon the world as a result of the events that took place on this day in 1955, when Little Richard walked into a New Orleans recording studio and gave birth to a record called Tutti Frutti.  <em class="date"> Sep 14, 1968: Denny McLain becomes a 30-game winner </h2>On this day in 1968, Detroit Tigers pitcher Denny McLain wins his 30th game of the season, becoming the first 30-game winner in the major leagues since 1938. The Tigers scored two runs in the bottom of the ninth to come from behind in a 5-4 decision over the Oakland As.  <em class="date"> Sep 14, 1944: Americans launch Operation Stalemateat extraordinary cost </h2>On this day in 1944, the U.S. 1st Marine Division lands on the island of Peleliu, one of the Palau Islands in the Pacific, as part of a larger operation to provide support for Gen. Douglas MacArthur, who was preparing to invade the Philippines. The cost in American lives would prove historic.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 15, 1978: Ali defeats Spinks to win world heavyweight championship </h2>On this day in 1978, boxer Muhammad Ali defeats Leon Spinks at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans to win the world heavyweight boxing title for the third time in his career, the first fighter ever to do so. Following his victory, Ali retired from boxing, only to make a brief comeback two years later. Ali, who once claimed he could float like a butterfly, sting like a bee, left the sport permanently in 1981.  <em class="date"> Sep 15, 1990: A Bible school instructor abducts a teenage girl </h2> Thirteen-year-old Melissa Benoit disappears in her hometown of Kingston, Massachusetts , on her way home from a friend's house. Although the town detective talked to everyone who lived on the path between the two houses, no one admitted to having seen Benoit. Soon afterward, the FBI joined the search. Yet, despite their use of tracking dogs, there was still no sign of the young girl.  <em class="date"> Sep 15, 1916: Tanks introduced into warfare at the Somme </h2>During the Battle of the Somme, the British launch a major offensive against the Germans, employing tanks for the first time in history. At Flers Courcelette, some of the 40 or so primitive tanks advanced over a mile into enemy lines but were too slow to hold their positions during the German counterattack and subject to mechanical breakdown. However, General Douglas Haig, commander of Allied forces at the Somme, saw the promise of this new instrument of war and ordered the war department to produce hundreds more.  <em class="date"> Sep 15, 1963: Four black schoolgirls killed in Birmingham </h2>On this day in 1963, a bomb explodes during Sunday morning services in the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama , killing four young girls.  <em class="date"> Sep 15, 1954: Famous Marilyn Monroe skirt scene filmed </h2>The famous picture of Marilyn Monroe, laughing as her skirt is blown up by the blast from a subway vent, is shot on this day in 1954 during the filming of The Seven Year Itch. The scene infuriated her husband, Joe DiMaggio, who felt it was exhibitionist, and the couple divorced shortly afterward.  <em class="date"> Sep 15, 1890: Agatha Christie is born </h2>Mary Clarissa Agatha Miller, later known as Agatha Christie, is born on this day in Torquay, Devon, England.  <em class="date"> Sep 15, 1962: The Four Seasons earn their first #1 hit with Sherry </h2>They were the godfathers of Italian-American soul, and though their roots were in old-fashioned doo-wop, they left that style for dead on a Newark street corner when they combined Frankie Valli's macho falsetto and the Jersey-thick background vocals of Bob Gaudio, Tommy DeVito and Nick Massi with a driving R&B beat in the style of Motown or Phil Spector. While their trademark harmonies may not have been as sophisticated as those of, say, the Byrds, the Four Seasons had a sound fresh enough to remain current even after the arrival of the mighty Beatles. Indeed, the Four Seasons, along with the Beach Boys, were one of only two American groups to enjoy significant chart success before, during and after the British Invasion. Their hugely successful career reached an early high point on this day in 1962, when the song Sherry became their first #1 hit.  <em class="date"> Sep 15, 1858: The first transcontinental mail service to San Francisco begins </h2>On this day in 1858, the new Overland Mail Company sends out its first two stages, inaugurating government mail service between the eastern and western regions of the nation.  <em class="date"> Sep 15, 1931: Athletics clinch pennant </h2>On September 15, 1931, the Philadelphia Athletics beat the Cleveland Indians to clinch their third consecutive American League pennant. The win was the ninth and final American League championship of legendary manager Connie Macks storied career.  history.com

 

[tmr315]

Another cool topic!

 

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tmr315 wrote: Another cool topic!

 Thanks tmr315.  I enjoy posting the history thread very much. Glad you will enjoy it too.                                                                                   Pam

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 16, 1932: Gandhi begins fast in protest of caste separation </h2>On this day in 1932, in his cell at Yerovda Jail near Bombay, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi begins a hunger strike in protest of the British government's decision to separate India's electoral system by caste.  <em class="date"> Sep 16, 1908: William Durant creates General Motors </h2>On September 16, 1908, Buick Motor Company head William Crapo Durant spends $2,000 to incorporate General Motors in New Jersey . Durant, a high-school dropout, had made his fortune building horse-drawn carriages, and in fact he hated cars--he thought they were noisy, smelly, and dangerous. Nevertheless, the giant company he built would dominate the American auto industry for decades.  <em class="date"> Sep 16, 1845: Murder in Illinois </h2>Phineas Wilcox is stabbed to death by fellow Mormons in Nauvoo, Illinois , because he is believed to be a Christian spy. The murder of Wilcox reflected the serious and often violent conflict between the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the surrounding communities. Joseph Smith , who founded the Mormon Church in 1830, had been living with his followers in Missouri , where they had various conflicts with locals, including an armed skirmish with the state militia. In 1838, Governor Lilburn Boggs signed a military order directing that the Mormons be expelled or exterminated: The Mormons must be treated as enemies and must be exterminated or driven from the state, if necessary, for the public good.  <em class="date"> Sep 16, 1978: Killer quake shakes Iran </h2>An extremely deadly earthquake rocks Iran, killing more than 25,000 people on this day in 1978. The 7.7-magnitude quake struck the northeastern part of the country, an area that has traditionally seen much seismic activity.  <em class="date"> Sep 16, 1620: Mayflower departs England </h2>The Mayflower sails from Plymouth, England, bound for the New World with 102 passengers. The ship was headed for Virginia , where the colonists--half religious dissenters and half entrepreneurs--had been authorized to settle by the British crown. However, stormy weather and navigational errors forced the Mayflower off course, and on November 21 the Pilgrims reached Massachusetts , where they founded the first permanent European settlement in New England in late December.  <em class="date"> Sep 16, 1810: Mexican War of Independence begins </h2>Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, launches the Mexican War of Independence with the issuing of his Grito de Dolores, or Cry of Dolores, The revolutionary tract, so-named because it was publicly read by Hidalgo in the town of Dolores, called for the end of 300 years of Spanish rule in Mexico , redistribution of land, and racial equality. Thousands of Indians and mestizos flocked to Hidalgo's banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe, and soon the peasant army was on the march to Mexico City.  <em class="date"> Sep 16, 1943: James Alan McPherson is born </h2>James Alan McPherson, the first black man to win a Pulitzer Prize for fiction, is born in Savannah, Georgia .  <em class="date"> Sep 16, 1893: Settlers race to claim land </h2> On this day in 1893, the largest land run in history begins with more than 100,000 people pouring into the Cherokee Strip of Oklahoma to claim valuable land that had once belonged to Native Americans . With a single shot from a pistol the mad dash began, and land-hungry pioneers on horseback and in carriages raced forward to stake their claims to the best acres.  <em class="date"> Sep 16, 1940: Franklin Roosevelt approves military draft </h2>On this day in 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Selective Service and Training Act, which requires all male citizens between the ages of 26 and 35 to register for the military draft, beginning on October 16. The act had been passed by Congress 10 days earlier.  <em class="date"> Sep 16, 1981: Leonard knocks out Hearns to unify middleweight title </h2> On September 16, 1981, welterweight boxer Sugar Ray Leonard knocks out Thomas Hearns in the 13th round to unify boxings middleweight title. Leonard was behind on all three judges scorecards and fighting with one eye closed when he delivered a right hand to his opponents head that sent Hearns crashing to the canvas.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 17, 1862: Battle of Antietam </h2>Beginning early on the morning of this day in 1862, Confederate and Union troops in the Civil War clash near Maryland 's Antietam Creek in the bloodiest one-day battle in American history.  <em class="date"> Sep 17, 1965: Amphibious cars arrive in Frankfurt after sailing across the English Channel </h2>On September 17, 1965, four adventurous Englishmen arrive at the Frankfurt Motor Show in Germany after crossing the English Channel by Amphicar, the world's only mass-produced amphibious passenger car. Despite choppy waters, stiff winds, and one flooded engine, the two vehicles made it across the water in about seven hours.  <em class="date"> Sep 17, 1884: A California judge sets a record for trying criminal cases </h2>Judge Allen disposes of the 13 criminal cases on his Oakland, California , docket in only six minutes. Although he apparently set a new record for speed, defendants in Oakland's criminal court did not stand much of a chance of gaining an acquittal. In a 40-year period at the turn of the century, only 1 defendant in 100 was acquitted. The following transcript from an 1895 trial was printed in the Oakland Tribune: I didn't think I was drunk, your Honor, said Gus Harland. Not drunk? said the court. Not very drunk. How drunk? Well--I could see the moon . It was raining hard Sunday night when I arrested that man, said the officer. Six dollars or three days. Next. Although Judge Allen was notoriously speedy, the quick disposition of criminal cases was not necessarily commonplace in early American courts. In the early 1800s, criminal courts were often held up by those who used them to settle personal problems. For instance, in Philadelphia, a man named Henry Blake was prosecuted by his wife in criminal court for refusing to come to bed and making too much noise, preventing her from sleeping. Today, the courts would immediately dismiss such a domestic squabble.  <em class="date"> Sep 17, 1923: Fire threatens U.C. Berkeley </h2>On this day in 1923, a fire in northern California threatens the University of California at Berkeley, kills 2 people and causes $10 million in damages.  <em class="date"> Sep 17, 1787: U.S. Constitution signed </h2>The Constitution of the United States of America is signed by 38 of 41 delegates present at the conclusion of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Supporters of the document waged a hard-won battle to win ratification by the necessary nine out of 13 U.S. states.  <em class="date"> Sep 17, 1976: Space Shuttle unveiled </h2>On September 17, 1976, NASA publicly unveils its first space shuttle, the Enterprise, during a ceremony in Palmdale, California . Development of the aircraft-like spacecraft cost almost $10 billion and took nearly a decade. In 1977, the Enterprise became the first space shuttle to fly freely when it was lifted to a height of 25,000 feet by a Boeing 747 airplane and then released, gliding back to Edwards Air Force Base on its own accord.  <em class="date"> Sep 17, 1983: Vanessa Williams becomes first black Miss America </h2>On this day in 1983, 20-year-old Vanessa Williams becomes the first African American to win the Miss America crown. Less than a year later, on July 23, 1984, Williams gave up her crown after nude photos of her surfaced. Despite the scandal, Williams later launched a successful singing and acting career, including a featured role on the hit television sitcom Ugly Betty.  <em class="date"> Sep 17, 1967: The Who spark an explosion on national television </h2>In introducing them at the Monterey Pop Festival three months earlier, Eric Burdon of the Animals had offered high praise for the up-and-coming British rock band the Who, promising the crowd A group that will destroy you in more ways than one. A substandard audio setup that day prevented the Who from unleashing the full sonic assault for which they were already becoming famous, but their high-energy, instrument-destroying antics inspired the next act, Jimi Hendrix, to burn his guitar and announced to the tens of thousands of Festival-goers the arrival of a powerful new force in rock and roll. The rest of America would get its introduction on September 17, 1967, when the Who ended an already explosive, nationally televised performance of My Generation with a literal bang that singed Pete Townshend's hair, left shrapnel in Keith Moon 's arm and momentarily knocked The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour off the air.  <em class="date"> Sep 17, 1796: Washington prepares final draft of farewell address </h2>On this day in 1796, George Washington prepares a final draft of his presidential farewell address. Two days later, the carefully crafted words appeared in Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser, published in Philadelphia, officially notifying the American public that Washington would voluntarily step down as the nation's first president. The decision was extraordinary: rarely, if ever, in the history of western civilization had a national leader voluntarily relinquished his title. The action set a model for successive U.S. administrations and future democracies.  <em class="date"> Sep 17, 1981: Fernandomania! </h2>On September 17, 1981, Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Fernando Valenzuela throws his eighth shutout of the season to set a new National League rookie record. Valenzuelas three-hitter beat the Atlanta Braves 2-0 and put an exclamation point on one of the greatest rookie seasons in baseball history. Fans loved the unorthodox young Mexican import, and the Fernandomania that swept across Southern California and much of the country that summer became the biggest story in baseball.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 18, 1793: Capitol cornerstone is laid </h2>On this day in 1793, George Washington lays the cornerstone to the United States Capitol building, the home of the legislative branch of American government. The building would take nearly a century to complete, as architects came and went, the British set fire to it and it was called into use during the Civil War . Today, the Capitol building, with its famous cast-iron dome and important collection of American art, is part of the Capitol Complex, which includes six Congressional office buildings and three Library of Congress buildings, all developed in the 19th and 20th centuries.  <em class="date"> Sep 18, 1981: Canada mall sets parking-lot record </h2>On this day, the 20,000-car parking lot at Canada's West Edmonton Mall makes the Guinness Book of World Records as the largest parking lot in the world. The mall has held other records, too: At one time or another it's been the World's Largest Shopping Mall (5.2 million square feet, or about 48 city blocks), the World's Largest Indoor Amusement Park and the World's Largest Indoor Water Park (which includes the World's Largest Indoor Lake and the World's Largest Indoor Wave Pool).  <em class="date"> Sep 18, 1959: A serial killer is executed </h2>Serial killer Harvey Glatman is executed in a California gas chamber for murdering three young women in Los Angeles . Resisting all appeals to save his life, Glatman even wrote to the appeals board to say, I only want to die.  <em class="date"> Sep 18, 1987: Accidental poisoning in Brazil </h2>On this day in 1987, cesium-137 is removed from an abandoned cancer-therapy machine in Brazil. Hundreds of people were eventually poisoned by radiation from the substance, highlighting the danger that even relatively small amounts of radiation can pose.  <em class="date"> Sep 18, 1975: Patty Hearst captured </h2>Newspaper heiress and wanted fugitive Patty Hearst is captured in a San Francisco apartment and arrested for armed robbery.  <em class="date"> Sep 18, 1961: Bobby Vee earns a #1 hit with Take Good Care Of My Baby </h2>In terms of his artistic significance, the early 1960s teen singer Bobby Vee may be a relatively slight and unimportant figure, but his place in music history is assured for reasons that have nothing to do with his modest chart accomplishments and charms as a performer. On this day in 1961, he reached the high point of his recording career when his recording of the Carole King-penned Take Good Care Of My Baby topped the U.S. pop charts. But the event that made that accomplishment possibleand assured Bobby Vee his place in historycame two-and-a-half years earlier, when a small plane carrying three young musicians crashed en route to his home town.  <em class="date"> Sep 18, 1846: The struggling Donner Party sends ahead to California for food </h2>Weeks behind schedule and the massive Sierra Nevada mountains still to be crossed, on this day in 1846, the members of the ill-fated Donner party realize they are running short of supplies and send two men ahead to California to bring back food.  <em class="date"> Sep 18, 1973: Carter files report on UFO sighting </h2>On this day in 1973, future President Jimmy Carter files a report with the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP), claiming he had seen an Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) in October 1969.  <em class="date"> Sep 18, 1996: Clemens strikes out 20, again </h2>On this day in 1996, Boston Red Sox pitcher Roger Clemens strikes out 20 Detroit Tigers, tying his own major league record for most strikeouts in a game.  <em class="date"> Sep 18, 1969: March Against Death to be held in Washington </h2>Antiwar protestors announce that they will organize a 36-hour March Against Death to take place in Washington in November; there will be a simultaneous rally in San Francisco . This effort was led by Dr. Benjamin Spock and 10 other representatives of the New Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam.  history.com -- Edited by PMM2008 on Monday 19th of September 2011 10:54:11 AM

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 19, 1957: Nevada is site of first-ever underground nuclear explosion </h2>On this day in 1957, the United States detonates a 1.7 kiloton nuclear weapon in an underground tunnel at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), a 1,375 square mile research center located 65 miles north of Las Vegas . The test, known as Rainier, was the first fully contained underground detonation and produced no radioactive fallout. A modified W-25 warhead weighing 218 pounds and measuring 25.7 inches in diameter and 17.4 inches in length was used for the test. Rainier was part of a series of 29 nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons safety tests known as Operation Plumbbob that were conducted at the NTS between May 28, 1957, and October 7, 1957.  <em class="date"> Sep 19, 1973: Death of country-rock pioneer leads inspires car crime </h2>On September 19, 1973, 26-year-old musician Gram Parsons dies of multiple drug use (morphine and tequila) in a California motel room. His death inspired one of the more bizarre automobile-related crimes on record: Two of his friends stashed his body in a borrowed hearse and drove it into the middle of the Joshua Tree National Park, where they doused it with gasoline and set it on fire.  <em class="date"> Sep 19, 1995: Newspaper publishes Unabomber manifesto </h2>The Washington Post publishes a 35,000-word manifesto written by the Unabomber, who since the late 1970s had eluded authorities while carrying out a series of bombings across the United States that killed 3 people and injured another 23. After reading the manifesto, David Kaczynski realized the writing style was similar to that of his brother, Theodore Kaczynski, and notified the F.B.I. On April 3, 1996, Ted Kaczynski was arrested at his isolated cabin near Lincoln, Montana , where investigators found evidence linking him to the Unabomber crimes. Theodore John Kaczynski was born May 22, 1942, in Chicago . A talented math student, he entered Harvard University at age 16. In 1967, after receiving a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Kaczynski was hired as an assistant professor at University of California , Berkeley. However, he resigned abruptly in 1969 and eventually began living as a hermit in a small Montana cabin that lacked electricity and running water. Kaczynski received occasional financial support from his family. From 1978 to 1995, the Unabomber carried out 16 bombings and mail bombings across the U.S. and became the subject of a massive F.B.I. manhunt. The F.B.I. code named him UNABOM because his targets included universities and airlines. Over the years, his victims included professors, scientists, corporate executives and a computer store owner, among others. In June 1995, the Unabomber sent a 35,000-word anti-technology manifesto to The New York Times and Washington Post and said if it wasnt published he would continue his bombing campaign. On September 19 of that year, after discussions with the F.B.I. and Attorney General Janet Reno, the Post, in collaboration with the Times, published the manifesto, which railed against industrialized society. David Kaczynski suspected his older brother might be the Unabomber after comparing the manifesto to some documents written by Ted that David found in their mothers home. In 1998, Kaczynski agreed to plead guilty and received four life sentences without the possibility of parole. He is serving his sentence at the supermax federal prison in Florence, Colorado .  <em class="date"> Sep 19, 1959: Khrushchev barred from visiting Disneyland </h2>In one of the more surreal moments in the history of the Cold War , Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev explodes with anger when he learns that he cannot visit Disneyland. The incident marked the climax of Khrushchev's day in Los Angeles , one that was marked by both frivolity and tension.  <em class="date"> Sep 19, 1985: Earthquake shakes Mexico City </h2>On this day in 1985, a powerful earthquake strikes Mexico City and leaves 10,000 people dead, 30,000 injured and thousands more homeless.  <em class="date"> Sep 19, 1881: President Garfield succumbs to shooting wounds </h2>Eighty days after a failed office seeker shot him in Washington, D.C. , President James A. Garfield dies of complications from his wounds.  <em class="date"> Sep 19, 1893: New Zealand first in women's vote </h2>With the signing of the Electoral Bill by Governor Lord Glasgow, New Zealand becomes the first country in the world to grant national voting rights to women. The bill was the outcome of years of suffragette meetings in towns and cities across the country, with women often traveling considerable distances to hear lectures and speeches, pass resolutions, and sign petitions. New Zealand women first went to the polls in the national elections of November 1893. The United States granted women the right to vote in 1920, and Great Britain guaranteed full voting rights for women in 1928.  <em class="date"> Sep 19, 1994: U.S. forces land in Haiti </h2>On September 19, 1994, 20,000 U.S. troops land unopposed in Haiti to oversee the country's transition to democracy.  <em class="date"> Sep 19, 1990: Goodfellas opens </h2>On this day in 1990, the Martin Scorsese-directed Mafia film Goodfellas, starring Ray Liotta, Robert De Niro, Lorraine Bracco and Joe Pesci, opens in theaters around the United States . The movie, which was based on the best-selling 1986 book Wiseguy,by the New York crime reporter Nicholas Pileggi, tells the true story of the mobster-turned-FBI informant Henry Hill (Liotta), from the 1950s to the 1980s . Goodfellas earned six Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Director. Pesci won a Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his performance as the psychotic mobster Tommy DeVito.  <em class="date"> Sep 19, 2000: Michael Chabon's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel debuts </h2>The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay, a novel by Michael Chabon about the glory years of the American comic book, is published on this day in 2000. The book went on to win the 2001 Pulitzer Prize for fiction.  <em class="date"> Sep 19, 1985: The U.S. Senate convenes the PMRC hearings on Capitol Hill </h2>On August 19, 1985, the Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee of the United States Senate opened public hearings intended to gather expert testimony on the content of certain sound recordings and suggestions that recording packages be labeled to provide a warning to prospective purchasers of sexually explicit or other potentially offensive content. Widely known as The PMRC Hearings after the acronym of an independent groupthe Parents Music Resource Counciladvocating for the voluntary adoption of warning stickers on record albums whose lyrics it deemed to be offensive, the hearings did not, in fact, end up leading to any kind of legislative action. They did, however, lead to a spectacle in which a most unlikely trio of popular musiciansDee Snider, Frank Zappa and John Denverpresented a unified front before the committee against what they perceived to be efforts to undermine freedom of speech and artistic expression in popular music.  <em class="date"> Sep 19, 1988: Louganis wins gold in springboard </h2>On September 19, 1988, just one day after sustaining a head injury in a frightening accident, American diver Greg Louganis wins gold in the springboard competition at the Summer Olympics, in Seoul, South Korea. It was his second consecutive Olympic gold in the event.  <em class="date"> Sep 19, 1966: Pressure mounts against continued U.S. involvement in Vietnam </h2>The Johnson administration and its handling of the war in Vietnam comes under attack from several quarters. A group of 22 eminent U.S. scientists, including seven Nobel laureates, urged the President to halt the use of antipersonnel and anti-crop chemical weapons in Vietnam. In Congress, House Republicans issued a White Paper that warned that the United States was becoming a full-fledged combatant in a war that was becoming bigger than the Korean War . The paper urged the President to end the war more speedily and at a smaller cost, while safeguarding the independence and freedom of South Vietnam.  <em class="date"> Sep 19, 1969: Nixon cancels draft calls for November and December </h2>President Nixon announces the cancellation of the draft calls for November and December. He reduced the draft call by 50,000 (32,000 in November and 18,000 in December). This move accompanied his twin program of turning the war over to the South Vietnamese concurrent with U.S. troop withdrawals and was calculated to quell antiwar protests by students returning to college campuses after the summer.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 20, 1973: King triumphs in Battle of Sexes </h2>On this day in 1973, in a highly publicized Battle of the Sexes tennis match, top women's player Billie Jean King, 29, beats Bobby Riggs, 55, a former No. 1 ranked men's player. Riggs (1918-1995), a self-proclaimed male chauvinist, had boasted that women were inferior, that they couldn't handle the pressure of the game and that even at his age he could beat any female player. The match was a huge media event, witnessed in person by over 30,000 spectators at the Houston Astrodome and by another 50 million TV viewers worldwide. King made a Cleopatra -style entrance on a gold litter carried by men dressed as ancient slaves, while Riggs arrived in a rickshaw pulled by female models. Legendary sportscaster Howard Cosell called the match, in which King beat Riggs 6-4, 6-3, 6-3. King's achievement not only helped legitimize women's professional tennis and female athletes, but it was seen as a victory for women's rights in general.  <em class="date"> Sep 20, 1960: Mickey Thompson tries again to become the fastest driver in history </h2>On this day in 1960, California hot rodder Mickey Thompson takes another shot at the world land-speed record. A few weeks earlier, Thompson had become the first American to travel faster than 400 mph on land when he'd piloted his Challenger I (a car that he designed and built himself) across Utah 's Bonneville Salt Flats at 406.6 mph. This drive had made Thompson the fastest man on wheels, but not officially: In order to win a place in the land-speed record books, racers must make a return pass within the hour, and Thompson's car broke down in the middle of his second run, necessitating a follow-up attempt.  <em class="date"> Sep 20, 1963: Kennedy proposes joint mission to the moon </h2>An optimistic and upbeat President John F. Kennedy suggests that the Soviet Union and the United States cooperate on a mission to mount an expedition to the moon . The proposal caught both the Soviets and many Americans off guard.  <em class="date"> Sep 20, 2002: Avalanche thunders into Russian village </h2>A glacial avalanche in Russia buries a village on this day in 2002, killing more than 100 people.  <em class="date"> Sep 20, 1878: Upton Sinclair is born </h2>On this day, Upton Sinclair, Pulitzer Prize-winning writer and reformer, is born in Baltimore , Maryland .  <em class="date"> Sep 20, 1975: The Bay City Rollers make their U.S. debut on Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell </h2>In the autumn of 1975, NBC premiered a brand-new late-night comedy-variety program that in addition to launching the careers of John Belushi, Dan Ackroyd and an entire generation of comic actors, would also give America its first exposure to some of the era's greatest up-and-coming musical acts. That show, however, was not called Saturday Night Liveat least not at first. That name was already taken by a program that premiered a month earlier than NBC's Saturday Night on a competing network, ABC. NBC's Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell made its first broadcast on this day in 1975, featuring a heavily hyped performance by a pop group Cosell compared openly to the Beatles: Scotland's tartan-clad teenybopper sensations the Bay City Rollers.  <em class="date"> Sep 20, 1806: The returning Lewis and Clark reach the first white settlement on the Missouri </h2>On this day in 1806, after nearly two-and-a-half years spent exploring the western wilderness, the Corps of Discovery arrived at the frontier village of La Charette, the first white settlement they had seen since leaving behind the outposts of eastern civilization in 1804.  <em class="date"> Sep 20, 1881: Chester Arthur becomes third president to serve in one year </h2>On this day in 1881, Chester Arthur is inaugurated, becoming the third person to serve as president in that year.  <em class="date"> Sep 20, 1968: U.S. officials defend use of defoliants </h2>U.S. military spokesmen defend the use of defoliants in Vietnam at a news conference in Saigon, claiming that the use of the agents in selected areas of South Vietnam had neither appreciably altered the country's ecology, nor produced any harmful effects on human or animal life.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 21, 1780: Benedict Arnold commits treason </h2>On this day in 1780, during the American Revolution , American General Benedict Arnold meets with British Major John Andre to discuss handing over West Point to the British, in return for the promise of a large sum of money and a high position in the British army. The plot was foiled and Arnold, a former American hero, became synonymous with the word traitor.  <em class="date"> Sep 21, 2002: Nils Bohlin, inventor of the three-point seatbelt, dies at 82 </h2>On September 21, 2002, Swedish engineer Nils Bohlin dies after a heart attack. Bohlin spent most of the 1950s developing ejection seats for Saab airplanes, and in 1958, he became the Volvo Car Corporation's first safety engineer. At Volvo, he designed the first three-point safety belt--a seatbelt with one strap that crossed diagonally across the user's chest and another that secured his or her hips. In a way, Bohlin said shortly before he died, my design works as much because the belt is comfortable for the user as it does because it is safer. The pilots I worked with in the aerospace industry were willing to put on almost anything to keep them safe in case of a crash, but regular people in cars don't want to be uncomfortable even for a minute.  <em class="date"> Sep 21, 1999: Earthquake kills thousands in Taiwan </h2>An earthquake in Taiwan on this day in 1999 kills thousands of people, causes billions of dollars in damages and leaves an estimated 100,000 homeless. It was the worst earthquake to hit Taiwan since a 1935 tremor that killed 3,200 people.  <em class="date"> Sep 21, 1792: Monarchy abolished in France </h2>In Revolutionary France, the Legislative Assembly votes to abolish the monarchy and establish the First Republic. The measure came one year after King Louis XVI reluctantly approved a new constitution that stripped him of much of his power.   Sep 21, 1938: The Great New England Hurricane </h2>Without warning, a powerful Category 3 hurricane slams into Long Island and southern New England , causing 600 deaths and devastating coastal cities and towns. Also called the Long Island Express, the Great New England Hurricane of 1938 was the most destructive storm to strike the region in the 20th century.  <em class="date"> Sep 21, 1989: Powell becomes Joint Chiefs' chairman </h2>The Senate Armed Forces Committee unanimously confirms President George H. Bush's nomination of Army General Colin Powell as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Powell was the first African American to achieve the United States ' highest military post.  <em class="date"> Sep 21, 1866: H.G. Wells is born </h2>H.G. Wells, pioneer of science fiction, is born on this day in Bromley, England  <em class="date"> Sep 21, 1968: Jeannie C. Riley is the first woman to top the Country and Pop charts simultaneously </h2>When the singer Jeannie C. Riley said the word men, it came out sounding like min. And when she said eyes, it came out sounding like Ahhs. In New York or Los Angeles , her deep-in-the-heart-of-Texas accent might have been as big an impediment as Eliza Doolittle's Cockney lilt in London society, but in Nashville, Tennessee , the capital of country music, it was her ticket to pop immortality. With her career-defining hit song, 23-year-old Jeannie C. Riley accomplished a crossover feat that no other woman would match for another dozen years: On September 21, 1968, she became the first female performer to top the Billboard Country and Pop charts simultaneously, with Harper Valley P.T.A.  <em class="date"> Sep 21, 1939: FDR urges repeal of Neutrality Act embargo provisions </h2>On this day in 1939, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt appears before Congress and asks that the Neutrality Acts, a series of laws passed earlier in the decade, be amended. Roosevelt hoped to lift an embargo against sending military aid to countries in Europe facing the onslaught of Nazi aggression during World War II .  <em class="date"> Sep 21, 1981: Carlton gets 3,118th strikeout </h2>On September 21, 1981, Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Steve Carlton strikes out the 3,118th batter of his career to break Bob Gibsons National League record for career strikeouts. Despite Carltons 10 shutout innings and 12 strikeouts, the Phillies lost the marathon game to the Montreal Expos in the 17th inning, 1-0.  <em class="date"> Sep 21, 1942: The Superfortress takes flight </h2>On this day in 1942, the U.S. B-29 Superfortress makes its debut flight in Seattle, Washington. It was the largest bomber used in the war by any nation.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 22, 1862: Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation </h2>On this day in 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issues a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation , which sets a date for the freedom of more than 3 million black slaves in the United States and recasts the Civil War as a fight against slavery.  <em class="date"> Sep 22, 1953: The famous four-level opens in Los Angeles </h2>On September 22, 1953, the first four-level (or stack ) interchange in the world opens in Los Angeles , California , at the intersection of the Harbor, Hollywood , Pasadena, and Santa Ana freeways. It was, as The Saturday Evening Post wrote, a mad motorist's dream : 32 lanes of traffic weaving in eight directions at once. Today, although the four-level is justly celebrated as a civil engineering landmark, the interchange is complicated, frequently congested, and sometimes downright terrifying. (As its detractors are fond of pointing out, it's probably no coincidence that this highway octopus straddles not only a fetid sulfur spring but also the former site of the town gallows.)  <em class="date"> Sep 22, 1961: President Kennedy signs Peace Corps legislation </h2>In an important victory for his Cold War foreign policy, President John F. Kennedy signs legislation establishing the Peace Corps as a permanent government agency. Kennedy believed that the Peace Corps could provide a new and unique weapon in the war against communism.  <em class="date"> Sep 22, 1993: Train derails in Alabama swamp </h2>An Amtrak train headed to Miami derails near Mobile, Alabama , killing 47 people on this day in 1993. The accident, the deadliest in Amtrak's history, was caused by a negligent towboat operator and foggy conditions.  <em class="date"> Sep 22, 1927: Dempsey loses on long count </h2>Jack Dempsey, the Manassa Mauler, misses an opportunity to regain the heavyweight boxing title when he fails to return to a neutral corner after knocking down champ Gene Tunney in a title match in Chicago . Dempsey waited five precious seconds before heading to the neutral corner, at which point the referee began the 10-count as the rules dictated. As the referee reached nine seconds, Tunney got back up to his feet. He had actually been down for what amounted to 14 seconds. Tunney went on to win the bout in a decision after 10 rounds.  <em class="date"> Sep 22, 1980: Iran-Iraq War </h2>Long-standing border disputes and political turmoil in Iran prompt Iraqi President Saddam Hussein to launch an invasion of Iran's oil-producing province of Khuzestan. After initial advances, the Iraqi offense was repulsed. In 1982, Iraq voluntarily withdrew and sought a peace agreement, but the Ayatollah Khomeini renewed fighting. Stalemates and the deaths of thousands of young Iranian conscripts in Iraq followed. Population centers in both countries were bombed, and Iraq employed chemical weapons. In the Persian Gulf, a tanker war curtailed shipping and increased oil prices. In 1988, Iran agreed to a cease-fire.  <em class="date"> Sep 22, 1598: Playwright Ben Jonson is indicted for manslaughter </h2>On this day in 1598, playwright Ben Jonson is indicted for manslaughter after a duel.  <em class="date"> Sep 22, 1985: The first Farm Aid concert is held in Champaign, Illinois </h2>It started with an offhand remark made by Bob Dylan during his performance at Live Aid, the massive fundraising concert held at Wembley Stadium, London, and JFK Stadium, Philadelphia, in the early summer of 1985. As television viewers around the world phoned in donations in support of African famine relief, Dylan said from the stage, I hope that some of the money...maybe they can just take a little bit of it, maybe...one or two million, maybe...and use it, say, to pay the mortgages on some of the farms and, the farmers here, owe to the banks. Dylan would come under harsh criticism from Live Aid organizer Bob Geldof for his remarks ( It was a crass, stupid and nationalistic thing to say, Geldof would later write), but he planted a seed with several fellow musicians who shared his concern over the state of the American family farm. Less than one month later, Willie Nelson, Neil Young and John Mellencamp announced plans for Farm Aid, a benefit concert for America's farmers held in Champaign, Illinois , on this day in 1985  <em class="date"> Sep 22, 1975: President Ford survives second assassination attempt </h2>On this day in 1975, Sarah Jane Moore aims a gun at President Gerald Ford as he leaves the Saint Francis Hotel in San Francisco , California . The attempt on the president's life came only 17 days after another woman had tried to assassinate Ford while he was on his way to give a speech to the California legislature in Sacramento  <em class="date"> Sep 22, 1964: Goldwater attacks Johnson's Vietnam policy </h2>Presidential candidate Barry Goldwater, Republican senator from Arizona , charges that President Lyndon Johnson lied to the American people and that he is committing the United States to war recklessly. Having previously called the war McNamara's War, he now described it as Johnson's War.  history.com

 

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<em class="date"> Sep 23, 1875: Billy the Kid arrested for first time </h2>On this day in 1875, Billy the Kid is arrested for the first time after stealing a basket of laundry. He later broke out of jail and roamed the American West, eventually earning a reputation as an outlaw and murderer and a rap sheet that allegedly included 21 murders.  <em class="date"> Sep 23, 1949: Truman announces Soviets have exploded a nuclear device </h2>In a surprisingly low-key and carefully worded statement, President Harry S. Truman informs the American people that the Soviets have exploded a nuclear bomb. The Soviet accomplishment, years ahead of what was thought possible by most U.S. officials, caused a panic in the American government.  <em class="date"> Sep 23, 1981: A two-month manhunt for a murdering writer comes to an end </h2>Jack Henry Abbott is captured in the oil fields of Louisiana after a two-month long manhunt that began when he killed Richard Adan at the Binibon restaurant in New York City on July 18. At the time of the murder, Abbott had been out on parole largely through the efforts of author Norman Mailer, who convinced officials that he had a great writing talent.  <em class="date"> Sep 23, 2004: Hurricane Jeanne crashes into Haiti </h2>Hurricane Jeanne slams into Haiti, killing thousands, on this day in 2004. Coming just days after Hurricane Ivan, Jeanne was part of a series of deadly storms to hit the region during the 2004 hurricane season.  <em class="date"> Sep 23, 1806: Lewis and Clark return </h2>Amid much public excitement, American explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark return to St. Louis, Missouri , from the first recorded overland journey from the Mississippi River to the Pacific coast and back. The Lewis and Clark Expedition had set off more than two years before to explore the territory of the Louisiana Purchase .  <em class="date"> Sep 23, 1846: Eighth planet discovered </h2>German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle discovers the planet Neptune at the Berlin Observatory.  <em class="date"> Sep 23, 1972: Mac Davis earns one of the 1970s' most head-scratching #1 hits with Baby Don't Get Hooked on Me </h2>On this day in 1972, Baby Dont Get Hooked On Me by singer-songwriter Mac Davis reached the top of the American pop charts. In a year that not only saw Congress pass the Equal Rights Amendment, but also saw Helen Reddy score a #1 hit with her feminist anthem I Am Woman, Baby Dont Get Hooked On Me stands in rather stark contrast as one of the more blithely chauvinistic pop hits of all time.  <em class="date"> Sep 23, 1908: Controversial call gives Cubs the pennant </h2>On September 23, 1908, a game between the New York Giants and Chicago Cubs ends in 1-1 tie after a controversial call at second base. The officials ruled that Giants first baseman Fred Merkle was out because he failed to touch second base, a call that has been disputed ever since.  <em class="date"> Sep 23, 1965: South Vietnam executes three accused VC agents </h2>The South Vietnamese government executes three accused Viet Cong agents held at Da Nang. They did it at night to prevent foreign photographers from recording it, but nevertheless, the story got out. Three days later, a clandestine Viet Cong radio station announced North Vietnam's execution of two U.S. soldiers held captive since 1963, as war criminals.  <em class="date"> Sep 23, 1969: Chicago 8 trial opens in Chicago </h2>The trial for eight antiwar activists charged with the responsibility for the violent demonstrations at the August 1968 Democratic National Convention opens in Chicago . The defendants included David Dellinger of the National Mobilization Committee (NMC); Rennie Davis and Thomas Hayden of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS); Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, founders of the Youth International Party ( Yippies ); Bobby Seale of the Black Panthers; and two lesser known activists, Lee Weiner and John Froines.  history.com